Georgia Georgia (Georgian საქართველო, transliterated as Sakartvelo) is a country in the Caucasus, situated on the dividing line between Europe and Asia. The capital of Georgia Tbilisi, and the currency the Lari.
The history of Georgia dates back to the kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. Georgia is one of the first nations to adopt Christianity (now the orthodoxy from the schism of 1054) as the official religion in the early fourth century. In the early nineteenth century, Georgia was annexed by Imperial Russia, but recovered its independence in 1918. It is then incorporated as a republic of the Soviet Union.
Independence of Georgia was restored in 1991. The country earned for the 1990 economic difficulties and wars of independence (Abkhazia, Ajaria, South Ossetia), losing a significant portion of its former territory. A new president comes to power after the coup of the Rose Revolution.
In August 2008, Georgia engaged in an armed conflict with Russia and the armies of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Georgia loses this blitzkrieg, and Russia recognizes Abkhazia States and South Ossetia as independent from Georgia. On 28 August 2008, the Georgian parliament declares Abkhazia and South Ossetia as "territories under Russian occupation." This diplomatic position of Russia is almost alone: \u200b\u200bhis example was followed by Nicaragua and Venezuela.
Georgia is a presidential republic and secular. However, the idea of \u200b\u200brestoring a constitutional monarchy is very popular in some circles, including the Georgian Orthodox Church. Today the country is a member of the Organization des Nations unies, du Conseil de l'Europe, de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce, de la Coopération économique de la mer Noire et de l'Alliance GUAM. La Géorgie tente, avec l'Ukraine, de devenir un membre de l'OTAN et, à plus long terme, de l'Union européenne.
La Géorgie a des frontières avec la Fédération de Russie au nord, l'Azerbaïdjan à l'est, l'Arménie au sud et la Turquie au sud-ouest. Le pays couvre un territoire de 69 000 km² ; sa population, sans compter l'Abkhazie et l'Ossétie du Sud est de 4,4 millions d'habitants, avec environ 84 % de Géorgiens ethniques.
Sommaire
[masquer]
* 1 Étymologie
* 2 Histoire
o 2.1 Avant le christianisme
o 2.2 Entrée de la Géorgie au Moyen Âge
o 2.3 Le Royaume de Géorgie
o 2.4 La Division
o 2.5 Entre Annexion et Indépendance
o 2.6 La Géorgie : terre de Staline
o 2.7 Le chaos de l'autonomie suprême
* 3 Géographie
o 3.1 Géographie physique
o 3.2 Environnement, faune et flore
o 3.3 Géographie administrative et division territoriale
* 4 Population, démographie et culture
o 4.1 Démographie dans l'histoire
+ 4.1.1 Généralités
+ 4.1.2 Diaspora et Immigration
+ 4.1.3 La Géorgie, entre nationalisme et séparatisme
o 4.2 Religion
+ 4.2.1 Anciennes croyances et mythologie
+ 4.2.2 Religions actuelles
# 4.2.2.1 Christianisme
# 4.2.2.2 Islam
# 4.2.2.3 Judaïsme
o 4.3 Société
+ 4.3.1 Fêtes et jours fériés
+ 4.3.2 L'Éducation en Géorgie
+ 4.3.3 Problèmes d'hier et aujourd'hui
* 5 État
* 6 Économie
* 7 Culture
o 7.1 Music o 7.2 Writers
Filmmakers
o 7.3 Other * 8 * 9
References * 10 See also o 10.1
Bibliography
o 10.2 o 10.3
Related External Links
/ / Etymology
The Georgians call themselves Kartvelebi (ქართველები) and call their language Kartuli (ქართული). These terms come from the mythical ancestor of Georgians Karthlos, which is considered the father of Georgia. But another theory says that these names are derived from the word ქართ - (Go-Kart - "fortified place"). Today, this word is used as ქართი and means "pen").
The European name of the country, Georgia, used by a very large part of world languages, comes from the Persian Gurjit (گرجی), influenced by Arabic Jurji. The pronunciation of the name of the country to Western from the Greek prefix Georg (γεωργ) was once thought that the name came from Georgia to St. George of Lydda (which is Moreover, the patron saint of the country). But we now know it actually comes from the Greek γεωργία (Georgia), which means agriculture.
In ancient times they called the people of Georgia now the Iberians, the name of the realm in which they lived, Iberia, which disturbed the geographers of antiquity who thought this name was used for the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula. Indeed it is this confusion that led some Georgians to make Iberians Caucasian ancestors of the Iberian Peninsula. But in reality, the name of Caucasian Iberia would de celui de la ville géorgienne Sper, aujourd'hui İspir en Turquie.
Gorj, la dénomination persane des Géorgiens, est également la racine des mot turc Gürcü et russe Грузин (« Gruzin »). La Géorgie est nommée Gourdjistân (en persan : گرجستان, gurjistān), Gürcistan en turc, Грузия (Grouziïa) en russe et également גרוזיה (Grouzia) en hébreu. Le nom persan vient probablement de gorg (loup), qui est aussi l'origine du surnom du roi d'Ibérie Vakhtang Ier Gorgassali (Tête de loup), car les Anciens considéraient le Gourdjistan comme la Terre des loups.
Les dénominations arméniennes pour Géorgien et Géorgie, respectivement Vir et Virq, viennent d'Ibérie avec la perte du -i- initiale et la substitution par le w ou le v du b d'Ibérie.
Histoire
Article détaillé : Histoire de la Géorgie.
Avant le christianisme
D'après les recherches paléonthologiques effectuées entre 1999 et 2001, les premiers hominidés, représentés par l'espèce Homo georgicus, apparurent aux frontières du nord transcaucasien il y a environ 1,8 million d'années. Bientôt, l'espèce se développa et de nombreuses cultures se disséminèrent through the Caucasus, the Kura-Araks Trialeti. In the historical period, Georgia like the rest of the Caucasus found himself in a position of intersection between the powers around him. The Scythians swept the region from the sixth century BC. AD, followed by an invasion Achaemenid annexation. During the second half of the fourth century BC, the conqueror Alexander the Great reached to turn the borders of Georgia today. His reign was a milestone toward a unified Georgian society, which does not occur until many centuries later.
the third century BC. AD, Georgia was divided in two: a western part of Greek culture (Colchis) and an eastern and independent Iberia. While Colchis was soon to fall into the hands of its powerful neighbors (the kingdom of Pontus in the Roman Empire), Iberia, meanwhile, grew gradually to the point of competing with Armenia for the control of the Caucasus. But the Roman Republic will soon have the low power of the small vassal kingdom that was in Rome until the arrival of Arsacids Georgian border. These in turn invaded the country from the second century AD. Iberia is therefore a source of conflict, as well as Armenia, between the Roman Empire and Parthian Empire. Entry
Georgia Middle Age
Iberia at its peak in the early sixth century
With the arrival of the fourth century in eastern Georgia changed considerably. Iberia not only passed directly from a Sassanid suzerainty (Persian dynasty that had succeeded the Parthians) to a Roman direction, but as early as 330, Georgia converted to Christianity brought by Saint Nino of Cappadocia, a nun from Jerusalem Family of George of Lydda. After this event, Georgian culture developed through Christianity and in a few decades, it reached its apogee at the same time as the Iberian kingdom, the reign of Vakhtang I Gorgassali, a monarch who succeeded in defeating both the Persians and Byzantines, as the distance Indian vassals and relatives. In the late fifth century, in fact, Iberia succeeds in putting the ancient Colchis and was thus replaced by a substitute united Georgia.
But this advent of the Iberian power, however, was destroyed a few decades after the death of King Vakhtang I, more precisely in the year 580, when Persia annexed eastern Georgia to become a province of his empire. This was the beginning of a troubled period in the history of the nation, divided repeatedly between the Persians, Byzantines, Arabs and some local princes powerful enough to temporarily take over the title of king. In the late ninth century, after the long decline that followed the Arab invasions of the seventh century, the prince of Tao Adarna IV unified eastern Georgia and took the title "King of the Georgians", probably helped by his Armenian neighbor [1 ]. The Kingdom of Georgia
article: Kingdom of Georgia.
the early eleventh century, the prince Bagration (descendant of the first king of the Georgians, Adarna IV of Iberia) Bagrat III of Abkhazia united for the first time in its history the Georgian nation, the Kingdom of Abkhazia that of Kakheti, gathering in a single state all countries sharing the same religion and same culture as Iberia. In a few years, Bagrat III also succeeding to submit many of its neighbors, including the emirate of Ganja, using its valuable ally, Armenia. However, for political purposes, he separated from the pro-Byzantine tradition of his ancestors and, on the contrary, allied with the Fatimid Caliphate, Muslim and cons Constantinople. For this reason the first half of the eleventh century is mainly illustrated by the numerous military conflicts between the kingdom of Georgia and the Byzantine Empire.
Queen Tamar of Georgia
However, since the late 1040, a conflict that lasted two generations stopped and gave way to the ancient enmity of Georgians and Muslims, this time represented by the Seljuk Empire . A war against the empire broke even in 1048, when Allied forces from Georgia and Byzantium this Turkish tribe triumphed at the Battle of Kapetrou. This confrontation s'échalona up soon become a crusade of Georgia, because of the religious character of these wars. But the victories short Caucasians were soon replaced by the terrible devastation from the Seljuks in Georgia. Devastation that will be completed at the end of the eleventh century, when the young David II ascended the throne. This not only completed the withdrawal of the invaders outside of Georgia but conquered large areas to form an empire of Georgia. He united the lands situated between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea and realized the conquest of Armenia, Alania and much of the land circaucasiennes. His policy was the suite continuée par ses successeurs qui achevèrent la prise du sud transcaucasien au début du XIIIe siècle, sous le règne de la puissante reine Tamar de Géorgie.
Mais bientôt, les monarques ne purent contenir de si grandes parcelles de terres dans un seul et unique pays. Non seulement, plusieurs révoltes nobiliaires éclatèrent, mais en plus, en 1223, les Mongols apparurent aux frontières du pays et vainquirent la monarchie géorgienne en quelques décennies. Il faut attendre la fin du XIIIe siècle pour que le royaume reprenne légèrement de sa gloire passée, mais cela n'empêcha pas l'instauration d'un royaume indépendant en Géorgie occidentale dans les années 1270. Small-to-small Georgia fell into decline and the Mongols were replaced first by the Timurid and later by the Turkmen. Christian became only region of the Middle East to the fall of Trebizond in 1461, Georgia had finally split into three separate entities.
Division
article: Division of the kingdom of Georgia.
In 1478, Constantine II ascended the throne of Georgia within a period of civil war and internal chaos. A decade later, in 1490, a great national council proclaimed the official division of the kingdom of Georgia, which gave way to three entities: the Imereti (West), headed by Alexander II, the Kartli (center) who remained in the hands of Constantine II, and Kakheti (East), who returned to Prince Alexander I. From this period, the three kingdoms were little more than vassals of the Muslim powers that surrounded them: the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.
Kartli Vakhtang VI, the last king of the dynasty of Moukhra
At that time, the division took advantage of Georgia to vassal states of the North Caucasus to declare itself independent. However, they were soon back on site when the Ottomans annexed (de jure) these regions now surrounding the entire la Géorgie occidentale. Bientôt, l'Iméréthie sombra à son tour dans le chaos quand la noblesse réussit (notamment grâce à la conversion de ces nobles à l'Islam) à gagner de la puissance. En à peine un demi-siècle, l'Abkhazie, la Svanétie, la Mingrélie et la Gourie devinrent indépendantes (de facto) vis-à-vis de Koutaïssi, dont les rois furent par la suite des instruments et des pantins des puissants princes Dadiani de Mingrélie, qui n'hésitaient pas à se proclamer monarques à leur tour quand le moment se présentait.
Les deux autres royaumes géorgiens, le Kartli et la Kakhétie, étaient, quant à eux, sous une administration more stable, though not perfect split. In these two regions Transcaucasian, civil wars were very common and often attempts to unify by force was organized. The Shah of Persia, who was officially the overlord, also called the king of these provinces had the power to remove him from the throne when he was found guilty of insubordination. Thus, several monarchs died in martyrdom, in particular because of their Orthodox Christian faith. In the seventeenth century, the dynasty of Moukhran assumed the throne of Kartli and began a new period in the history of eastern Georgia. Most of the time, monarques de cette dynastie tentèrent de recréer un royaume unifié de Géorgie, tentative qui fut dans les faits réalisée quand le roi Vakhtang V réussit à placer sur les trônes de Kakhétie et d'Iméréthie ses propres enfants, qui furent toutefois chassés du trône en quelques années suite à une pression des Turcs.
Le XVIIIe siècle fut une période de renaissance pour la Géorgie. À l'ouest, les monarques d'Iméréthie avaient petit-à-petit réussi à regagner leur pouvoir héréditaire, tandis que la culture géorgienne se développa énormément à l'est du pays, culture qui était en fait un mélange de local traditions and Persian culture. Printing was imported at the beginning of the century and the early relations with the new Russian empire (also Christian Orthodox) developed at this time. These relationships widened more and more annoying Safavid Persia, who did not hesitate to dethrone the dynasty Moukhran place for the princes of Kakheti on the throne of Kartli. This contributed notably to the formation of a new unified Georgian Kingdom in the 1760s in the east. Between Independence and Annexation
In 1762, eastern Georgia was indeed united under one scepter, that of King Heraclius II, who founded the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti, probably in the hope of regaining lost independence vis-à-vis the Persians. Therefore, in 1783 the king signed a treaty to Guiorguievsk protection and bilateral military cooperation with the Russian Empire of Catherine II, who now arose suzerain of Georgia. However, this treaty did not prevent the Persians Agha Mohammad Shah to ravage the country and take the capital, Tbilisi, was completely burned in 1795. Three years later, King George XII succeeded his father on the throne of Georgia and his short reign was the Treaty of Guirguievsk reconfirm. But when the death of the monarch came to his turn in 1800, Russia did not hesitate to annex the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, which became a mere province of the empire of Alexander the First.
Ilia Chavchavadze, Georgian writer of the nineteenth century
The latter then took advantage of his new situation to continue his journey in the Caucasus. In 1813, the Emirate of Ganja was annexed to the empire and the Khanate of Yerevan had to undergo in 1828 after a siege of a year. Then soon, Imereti became the latest target of the Russian government. After a short war, King Solomon II was imprisoned and taken to Tbilisi before joining the Ottoman Empire. Soon, all Georgian principalities independent (Abkhazia, Svaneti, Moukhran ...) were also annexed by the Russian Empire. Therefore, St. Petersburg created the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus with the administrative center Tbilisi viceroyalty to be divided into governorate, including that of Sakartvelo-Imereti, the current Georgia.
But the period of Russian annexation was also a time of development of society and culture of Georgia. At this time, in fact, many churches were restored, schools were established and literature Georgia acceded to its peak, thanks to writers Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, whose works are still references on the subject. However, while the Transcaucasian culture shifting towards orthodox Christianity (separating from the Persian tradition that dominated the country for nearly five centuries), nationalism also made its appearance. Several revolts occurred during the nineteenth century and socialism was introduced in Georgia since the emancipation of the serfs of Georgia in 1865. The controversial death of Prince Dimitri Kipiani burst in 1887 was also anti-Russian demonstrations in toute la Géorgie et bientôt, les Géorgiens profitèrent de la mauvaise situation en Russie pour se proclamer indépendants.
La Géorgie : terre de Staline
Articles détaillés : République démocratique de Géorgie et République socialiste soviétique de Géorgie.
Dès 1917, les trois pays transcaucasiens profitèrent de la Révolution russe pour proclamer leur indépendance au sein d'une union, la République démocratique fédérative de Transcaucasie, qui était gouvernée principalement par des Géorgiens et dont la capitale était Tbilissi. Mais la cohabitation des trois peuples sud-caucasiens vira aux nationalismes et à peine One year later, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was proclaimed (May 26, 1918). Two days later, Armenia and Azerbaijan broke up in turn and finally disappeared RDFT.
Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader of Georgian origin
The geopolitical situation of Georgia at the time put it under the automatic protection of the Triple Alliance forces and German troops soon arrived in Batumi, a city that is more later given to the Ottoman Empire. But the end of World War I changed the local situation and the Menshevik government in Tbilisi was finally recognized by Allies of the Triple Entente, when the British army established a military base in the first capital of the country. However, this did not prevent neighboring countries from attacking the young independent state between 1918 and 1921, many opposed the wars RDG to Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia. The latter, under the control of a revolutionary government of the North Caucasus, was later replaced by a Bolshevik government which signed a treaty of alliance with Tbilisi in 1920. Despite a declared cooperation and mutual recognition, Georgia was eventually overrun by Soviet forces in February 1921, ending the short-lived independence.
After the Soviet invasion, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed and soon came to a showdown between the different fractions of Moscow, or those headed by Lenin and Stalin in the Georgian Affair of 1920, which will also the loss of nearly a third of Georgian territory for the benefit of its various neighbors. In December 1922, the USSR was proclaimed and RSG became one of the three republics of the Soviet Federal Socialist Republic of Transcaucasia, in turn dissolved in 1936.
In 1927, Stalin arrived at the head of the Soviet Union after conducting political eliminations. From that time, the fate of Georgia changed. Indeed, the Soviet dictator was born under the name of Joseph Djoughachvili in Gori, Georgia, and for (inter alia) this reason, the status of the region changed dramatically. In the 1930s, once after removing any anti-communist opposition, the Moscow government of Georgia was a place of relaxation for the rich men of Russia. Then little-by-little, the country grew and after the Second World War, several world leaders (including Georges Pompidou, Fidel Castro ...) visited the country. On the death of Stalin in 1953, his successor Nikita Khrushchev began a policy that was to eliminate the personality cult of the former head of state. For this reason, several demonstrations and riots broke out in Tbilisi, and each of them was abruptly stopped. Soon, opposition grew and in the 1970s, nationalist sentiment grew strong in Georgia. In 1990, finally, the Georgian SSR was dissolved and replaced by the Supreme Council.
Chaos autonomy Supreme
Georgia proclaimed its independence April 9, 1991 and appointed as head of state Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Yet it soon appeared as a nationalist dictator to his opponents that developed only a few months after taking office. Meanwhile, the government had taken advantage of this situation to remove an autonomous oblast of South Ossetia which was built in the region of Mtskheta-Mtianeti. This action pushed the aboriginal Ossetian rebel against the government and military clashes killed dozens of deaths until the end of the year. Finally, the national troops lost control of the conflict on November 28 when the separatists proclaimed leur indépendance, probablement soutenue par la Russie.
Edouard Chevardnadzé, chef d'État de la Géorgie de 1992 à 2003.
Plus tard dans l'année, les membres de l'opposition s'armèrent quand le commandant limogé de la Garde Nationale Tenguiz Kitovani rejoint le camp anti-Gamsakhourdia. À la fin du mois de décembre 1991, ils avaient commencé le siège du Parlement qui sera pris le 6 janvier 1992, date du coup d'État qui fit exiler le Président Gamsakhourdia chez ses voisins caucasiens. À ce moment, un Conseil d'État fut formé et l'ancien chef du parti communiste géorgien Edouard Chevardnadzé fut choisi pour chef du Conseil intérimaire. It continued the war in South Ossetia and instead to mitigate the separatist conflicts, he sent Georgian troops in Abkhazia to quell the nationalists who were turning toward secessionism in turn. Tbilisi but ran into an armed opposition and logistically supported by Russia. In little over a year, the war was finished and the separatists after their turn declared their independence, effected an ethnic cleansing of Georgians on their territory. Following this defeat, Tbilisi tried to get closer politically to Russia agrees to send military aid to fight les nouveaux opposants menés par Gamsakhourdia qui avait établit un gouvernement en-exil à Zougdidi. Cette ville fut par la suite prise par les autorités géorgiennes en novembre 1993 et un mois plus tard, Zviad Gamsakhourdia fut retrouvé mort dans le village de Khiboula.
La défaite du nouveau gouvernement géorgien face aux séparatistes fit monter leur impopularité chez le peuple dont une partie continua à se battre en l'honneur de Gamsakhourdia. En 1995, de nouvelles élections furent organisés et à la suite de celles-ci, le Conseil d'État fut dissous et Edouard Chevardnadzé devint Président de la République. Sa présidence fut notamment caractérisée par une longue crise économique qui attisa plusieurs membres du gouvernement soutenus par les capitalistes occidentaux contre lui. En 2000, il fut réélu à la Présidence de la République mais ne put empêcher plusieurs partis d'opposition de se former. Par une dernière tentative, il essaya d'orienter sa politique en direction de l'Occident notamment en concluant une alliance militaire avec les États-Unis, mais en novembre 2003, le peuple se révolta et mena la Révolution des Roses, qui aboutit à la destitution de Chevardnadzé. Un gouvernement intérimaire fut alors constitué et en janvier 2004, Mikheil Saakachvili fut élu à la présidence.
Ce dernier entama une ouverture économique and enters into alliances with Arab and Western straightened the critical financial situation. Saakashvili also put out an anti-Russian and pro-Western, in particular, asked Georgia's accession to NATO with Ukraine. But this does not solve the problem of breakaway provinces, which had always existed not recognized internationally. The failed attempts to reunify the country led to many demonstrations in November 2007 and Mikheil Saakashvili was forced to resign a month later to hold early presidential elections. He was again elected in January 2008, despite widespread unpopularity.
From this re-election, the military clashes between separatist Abkhazians and South Ossetians and Georgians multiplied. In April 2008, an airline crisis pitted Tbilisi Abkhazia while a few months later, a bomb killed Georgian police on the border of South Ossetia. In response to these provocations, Tbilisi decided to bomb Tskhinvali in order to regain control of the region. But the Russian army soon came to the aid of Ossetians and invaded Georgia from Abkhazia and South Ossetia. It was the second war in South Ossetia. The conflict ended two weeks later but remained a topic of high international tension particularly between Washington, which backed Georgia, and Moscow, who admitted in August 2008 the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The sample was then Moscow followed only by Nicaragua and a month later by Venezuela a year later.
August 29, 2008, Georgia broke off diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation, the Swiss government agreed to represent the interests of Georgia to Moscow via a section of Georgian interests [2].
Geography Main article: Geography of Georgia. Physical Geography
Topographical Map of Georgia
Georgia is a mountainous country and a subtropical area of \u200b\u200b69,700 sq km (with Abkhazia and South Ossetia). The country has land borders with four countries: Russia to the north (723 km), Azerbaijan to the east (322 km), Armenia to the south (164 km) and Turkey to the southwest (252 km). To the west, the country is bordered by the Black Sea. Today, Georgia is in conflict with separatists in the north in the provinces of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, while south-east, the Azerbaijani government claims as its territory the integration of the monastic complex David Gardja since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Georgia is one of three countries in the Caucasus, regional subdivision of the Caucasus, with Armenia and Azerbaijan. The country is mostly mountainous, but some parts of the country are dominated by other landscapes, such as Javakheti Plateau, at the Armenian border. The north by cons, the Russian border is a real natural border composed of a large chain of mountains, the Greater Caucasus, as opposed to the Lesser Caucasus, which occupies the southern part of the country. The third and fourth highest peaks of the Caucasus with Mount Chkhara (5058 m) and Kazbek (5047 m) located in Georgia.
cities, villages and rural communities are generally built in height, except when they are located near the Black Sea, as Sokhoumi, Poti and Batumi. Thus, the capital Tbilisi is located at an average altitude of 572 meters, while some villages are located in the highest mountains of the Caucasus, making access difficult and leading to self-sufficiency and a culture different from the rest of the country, heir to the ancient and pagan beliefs of antiquity. In some ways, this was very beneficial to the inhabitants of the country: indeed, Georgia has been a land of looting, destruction and invasions throughout its history, those who lived in these mountains were spared, hence the conservation of some religious buildings dating from the High Middle Ages.
The Trinity Church in the village of Guerguet at 2170 m altitude.
Georgia is crossed by many rivers and streams. The principal is the Mtkvari (or Koura) who has an over 1515 km and rises to the north-eastern Turkey, before crossing the Georgian capital Tbilisi and empties into the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan. There are also other major rivers such Alazani andTHE the Rioni. However, none of them are navigable. Since the 1990s they are equipped with hydropower plants.
The climate is subtropical of Georgia to the west and east Mediterranean. Greater Caucasus chain moderates its variations as a barrier against cold air from the north. The warm moist air from the Black Sea moves easily into the coastal plains of the west. The climate varies with the distance to the Black Sea and the altitude. Along the coast of the Black Sea, Abkhazia to the Turkish border, and in the region known Kolkhida (Lowlands inland from the coast), the caractéristiques dominantes du climat subtropical sont une humidité élevée et de fortes précipitations (1 000 à 2 000 mm par an, le port de la mer Noire Batumi reçoit 2 500 mm par an). Plusieurs variétés de palmiers poussent dans ces régions, où la température moyenne passe de 5 °C en hiver à 22 °C en été. Les plaines de l'est de la Géorgie sont abritées des influences de la mer Noire par les montagnes qui offrent un climat plus continental. La température en été est en moyenne de 20 à 24 °C, les températures hivernales de 2 à 4 °C. L'humidité est plus faible, et la pluviométrie moyenne 500 à 800 mm par an. Un climat alpin est présent dans les montagnes de l'est et de l'ouest, entre 2 100 et 3 600 m, ainsi qu'une région semi-aride sur le plateau Iori dans le sud-est. À haute altitude, les précipitations sont parfois deux fois plus importantes que dans les plaines orientales et de la neige et de la glace sont présentes toute l'année.
Les tremblements de terre et des glissements de terrain dans les zones montagneuses sont une menace importante pour la vie et les biens. L'une des plus anciennes traces historique d'activité sismique en Géorgie date de 1088, quand un tremblement de terre détruisit villes et forteresses sous le règne de Georges II ; cela servira, entre autres choses, de prétexte à sa destitution l'année suivante. Plus récemment, on peut citer le tremblement de terre de Gori de 1920 ou bien les glissements de terrain en Adjarie en 1989 qui ont déplacé des milliers de personnes dans le sud-ouest de la Géorgie. En 1991, deux tremblements de terre ont détruit plusieurs villages dans le centre-nord de la Géorgie et en Ossétie du Sud.
Environnement, faune et flore
La Géorgie abritait autrefois une population de loups, d'ours bruns et de lynx particulièrement importante. Aujourd'hui, celle-ci a fortement diminué mais certaines espèces restent encore bien présentes sur le territoire. Ecureuils, cerfs et renards cohabitent dans les forêts mixtes de feuillus. Chamois, bouquetins et mouflons peuplent the high mountain pastures, while just everywhere, saw a particularly rich birdlife. It may also, among other species, observe the peregrine falcon, the vulture, the buzzard, but also the Eurasian black vulture or eagle. The coastline hosts for its colonies of pelicans and storks. Moreover, the famous Pheasant was named for its discovery in western countries.
Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
Georgia has many parks and nature reserves sheltering plant species diversity. Among them, Borjomi (Reserve is), le Parc National Kharagaouli, ou le site protégé d'Eroutchétie. Le climat et le relief étant différents d'une région à l'autre, la flore s'est adaptée et varie en fonction du milieu. C'est pourquoi on peut apercevoir, aussi bien des forêts de feuillus composées de châtaigners, de chênes, de hêtres et d'érables, que des forêts mixtes et de conifères, en altitude. Sur le littoral de la mer Noire, on a l'occasion de voir essentiellement des plantes exotiques. La Géorgie est également la terre de plus de 6 330 variétés de champignons. Officiellement, la flore géorgienne comprend entre 4 200 et 4 500 espèces vasculaires, 675 types de mousses, 738 lichens and 1763 algae. Despite this wealth
wild, the environmental area within the Georgian society is not well developed. From the 1980s, the Black Sea pollution has greatly harms the tourism industry in Georgia. This pollution is mostly due to inadequate treatment of wastewater. In Batumi, for example, 18% of wastewater is treated before being discharged into the sea is estimated that 70% of the surface water contains bacteria harmful to health which the high rate of intestinal disease is attributed . The war in Abkhazia in the early 1990s has made significant damage to the ecological habitat unique to this region. In other respects, experts considered the environmental problems of Georgia less serious than those of more industrialized former Soviet republics. Resolve Georgia Environmental was not a priority of the national government in the post-Soviet. However, in 1993 the Minister of Environmental Protection has resigned in protest against the inactivity. In January 1994 the Cabinet announced a new system of environmental monitoring. This system enables inter-ministerial centralize separate programs under the direction of the Department of Environmental Protection. The system would include an environmental center and information and research agency. The small contingent of the Green Party has urged Parliament to address these issues. Geography
administrative and territorial division
article: Administrative divisions of Georgia.
Georgia is divided into nine regions, named Khar (მხარე), two autonomous republics (ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა) and a City (k'alak'i):
1. Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
2. Mingrelia and Upper Svaneti
3. Guria
4. Autonomous Republic of Adjara
5. Ratcha-Lechkhoumi and Lower Svaneti
6. Imereti
1. Samtskhe-Javakheti
2. Shida Kartli
3. Mtskheta-Mtianeti
4. Kvemo Kartli
5. Kakheti
6. Tbilisi
Regions of Georgia.png
current administrative status of the Republic of Georgia from the series of government decrees the years 1994-1996, made in a temporary, pending the resolution final conflict with the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Until then, Georgia had inherited the division organized at the time of the Supreme Council of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1990-1991) who had started the Georgian-Ossetian conflict by canceling the status of the Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia December 10, 1990. Moreover, since Mikheil Saakashvili came to power in 2004, further attempts at negotiation were initiated. One proposal is currently in Tbilisi to provide a status of autonomous republic of South Ossetia, in a "Federation of Georgia ». Un processus pour la création d'une telle entité est mis en route le 13 juillet 2007 et une entité provisoire d'Ossétie du Sud prônant pour un tel statut entretient un « gouvernement alternatif » de la région depuis avril 2007.
Les relations avec les autres régions autonomes ont également été très tendues. Avec la guerre civile géorgienne du début des années 1990, l'Adjarie décida de fermer ses frontières de facto avec la Géorgie et devint dans les faits une région indépendante, dirigée par un musulman, Aslan Abachidzé. La situation perdure jusqu'à la Révolution des Roses et le bras de fer politique atteint son paroxysme en mai 2004, when the last bridges connecting Ajaria to Georgia were destroyed. Finally, after mass demonstrations in Batumi, Abashidze was forced to leave Georgia and take refuge in Moscow, where he was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in absentia.
Abkhazia, meanwhile, is led by separatists from taking Sokhoumi September 27, 1993, which was followed by an ethnic cleansing of Georgians from the region, which accounted for yet the majority of the Abkhaz population since the nineteenth century [3]. Until the Second War in South Ossetia, the Tbilisi government still controlled the Valley Kodori renamed Upper Abkhazia. However, following the Battle of the Kodori Valley (August 9 to August 12, 2008), Abkhaz separatists supported by Russia eventually reclaim the region.
More recently, problems recur in Samtskhe-Javakheti, the majority of ethnic Armenians demand autonomy vis-à-vis Tbilisi, accusing the Georgian government of wanting to "Georgianisation the region. This led in particular a cooling of relations with Armenia, where there were several demonstrations of the Armenians for autonomy from Georgia since the beginning of 2009.
Population démographie et culture
Démographie dans l'histoire [modifier]
Article détaillé : Démographie de la Géorgie.
Évolution démographique
La population de la Géorgie varia sans cesse avec le cours de l'histoire du pays, en fonction des frontières instables et généralement non-naturelles de la nation. Au Moyen Âge, le peuple géorgien dut probablement acquir un pic relatif durant la période appelée Âge d'Or (XIIe-XIIIe siècles), mais les nombreuses invasions des Mongols, des Turcs, des Perses et les ravages causés par les raids des tribus caucasiennes des Ossètes et des Daghestanais causèrent une baisse de la population nationale durant toute la période comprise entre le XIIIe et le XIXe siècle. Le roi Héraclius II (1762-1798) dut même encourager la fondation de colonies grecques et arméniennes dans son royaume pour tenter de redresser la situation économique désastreuse causée par la double-guerre contre les Ottomans et les Afsharides.
Quand la Géorgie fut annexée par la Russie impériale au début du XIXe siècle avec le reste du Caucase, de nombreux colons russes et étrangers vinrent s'installer dans la région et la fin des raids des Caucasiens au milieu du siècle garantit une stabilisation de la population qui commença petit-à-petit à s'augmenter. Finalement, en 1919, lors de l'indépendance Democratic Republic of Georgia, the population stood at 2.5 million inhabitants, of which the Abkhazians and Ossetians who already demanded their independence, aided by the Bolsheviks. During the Soviet period, the number of inhabitants within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic kept rising and a strong Georgianisation (or rather "Sovietization") among some ethnic minorities of the country was made by the Communist authorities in Tbilisi . Thus, throughout the socialist period (and perhaps before), the Abkhazians were a minority in their own widely Abkhazia, representing only 30% of the region in 1926, 15% in 1959 and 17.8% in 1989. In a broader context, ethnically Georgian population increased considerably at the national level, consisting of over 73% of the population in the fall of the Soviet Union (figure continues to grow since then).
However, civil war, ethnic cleansing done by the Abkhaz and the numerous internal conflicts of the 1990s did reduce the population considerably. Thus, the peak national $ 5.5 million in 1992, increases to 4.5 million in 2002. But the Rose Revolution brought some improvement in the field of population of Georgia. In 2008, the population was 4,630,841 inhabitants, with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
General Population structure of Georgia
pyramid of Georgia, 2005
Population 4 ...
inhabitants Population density 66.9 inhabitants / km ²
growth rate of population
-0.34% Median age (total population)
- Men
- Females 37.7 years 35.3 years
40, 1 year
Age structure
-
0-14 years - 15-64 years
- 65 years and older 17.3% 66.2%
16.5%
Sex ratio (total population)
- Feature Birth
- Under 15 years
-
15-64 years - 65 years and over 0.91 male / female
1.15 male / female
1.13 male / female
0.93 male / female
0.67 man / Women
Share of urban population 52%
Sources: The World Factbook, CIA [4] UN [5] FAO
Mortality in Georgia
Crude mortality rate 9.23 ‰
Infant mortality rate (total population)
- Men
- Women
17.97 ‰ 20.06 ‰ 15.56 ‰
Life expectancy at birth (total population)
- Men
- Women 76.09 years 72.80 years
79.87 years
Source: The World Factbook, CIA [4]
Birth rate in Georgia
Crude birth rate 10.41 ‰
Total fertility rate 1.42 children (s) / female
Source: The World Factbook, CIA [4] Other social indicators
Georgia
Literacy (total population)
- Men
- Women
100% 100% 100%
Average years spent in school 11 years
rate of seropositivity to HIV / AIDS
(adult) less than 0.1
% access rate to drinking water
79% Unemployment Rate 12.6%
Sources: The World Factbook, CIA [4] UN [6] [7]
Diaspora Immigration and
Georgian Diaspora communities all Georgians living abroad. For most of these communities, a long history is linked to their foundation. According to recent census, the population of Georgia abroad amounted to 3,937,200 persons. With no less than 1.5 million Georgians, Turkey is now the country with the largest Georgian community in the world. Almost half of these are from Adjara and Georgians were forced to flee to Turkey in three waves: 1829 (annexation of several Georgian territories by the Ottoman Empire), 1878 (end of the Russo-Turkish) and 1921 (late claims of Adjara and Turkey on the arrival of most Muslims in southwestern Georgia in the country). For this reason, Turkey and Georgia have always tried to maintain friendly relations since the end of the Soviet Union.
Alexander Bagration-Imeretinski
There are also large communities in Russia and Iran, where one million Georgians in each country. But while the Georgians of Iran were forcibly deported by the thousands in the eighteenth century during the invasions of Shah Abbas I of Persia, from Russia tend to have political origins. The first to arrive Georgians in Russia probably date from the exile of King Archil of Imereti ist. The latter's son, Alexander Bagration-Imeretinski (1674-1711) also founded a community Georgian Vsesviatskoï before creating the first printing center of Georgian history in Moscow. A second wave arrived in Moscow with the king Vakhtang VI, when it was dethroned by the Persians in 1724. He brought with him several great nobles who founded new Georgian families Russified (Eristoff, Davidov, Yachvili ...). Israel Georgians themselves have also an old story. They would probably arrive in the Holy Land at the famous Golden Age Georgia (1156-1242), when the Christian rulers of the Caucasus sponsored the founding of monasteries in the lands of the Crusades. On the other hand, many Jews of Georgia also have their history and according to some legends, the early Israelites who arrived in the Caucasus dating from the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II -586.
Georgians from Europe and the United States for their latest. Most of them date from the Soviet invasion of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1921, when President of RDG (Noe Jordania) himself founded a government in-exile based in Leuville-sur-Orge, France (the Georgian community in France has more than 500 people), even if some Georgians had already arrived in North America in the 1880s (a group of Caucasian horsemen accompanied Buffalo Bill before earn their own name by organizing performances before Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and President Theodore Roosevelt). Moreover, there is even a "Eparchy of St. Nino" religious entity composed of Orthodox Georgians and dependent on the Patriarchate of Constantinople, founded in France in 1921.
There are also other communities in Asia and America. Thus, Brazil, Azerbaijan, Japan, Singapore, Canada, Argentina and Mexico all have populations totaling more than 1,000 Georgians, while some are thin communities in Britain and Philippines, communities from merchants in the eighteenth century.
Georgia, between nationalism and separatism
The Georgian national identity was the main philosophy of the Georgian people since the nation exists. However, despite a single national culture, Georgia is a mosaic of ethnic groups, including the Georgians are a part. Historically, the Greeks, Armenians, les Perses, les Turcs ou bien les Abkhazes et les Ossètes ont cohabité avec la principale ethnie de la Géorgie pour contribuer à la fondation de la nation géorgienne. Chaque région du pays reflète cet environnement social complexe. Ainsi, Jean Chardin, un voyageur français de la fin du XVIIe siècle qui visita le Caucase durant ses voyages en Perse, parla ainsi de Tiflis :
« Les Géorgiens ont de la civilité et de l'humanité, et de plus ils sont graves et modérés... Chacun peut en Géorgie, vivre dans sa religion et dans ses coutumes, en discourir et la défendre. On y voit des Arméniens, des Grecs, des Juifs, des Turcs, des Persans, des Indiens, des Tartares, Muscovites and Europeans [8]. "
However, a true Georgian nationalism was born while Russia (and the rest of Europe) discovered socialism. By the 1840s, when Georgia was subsumed into the Russian imperial orb, many revolts of the Georgian people against imperial Russia, which prevented the dreams of the Caucasian peoples (including the founding of universities) to occur, and occurred when the Russian Revolution came in 1917, Transcaucasia took the opportunity to declare its independence. However, the Georgian nationalist chauvinism militants did not allow the existence of the young federation Transcaucasus and Georgia became independent in turn. This nationalism was again suppressed by the Soviet authorities when the Red Army invaded the country in 1921, before including it in the Soviet Federal Socialist Republic of Transcaucasia.
When this union was dissolved in 1936, Georgia recovered its unity within a larger federation (USSR) and the central authorities in Tbilisi decided to organize a policy of "georgianisation" vis-à-vis national ethnic minorities, in particular the Abkhaz Lavrenty Beria. This also contributed to the development of a mentality Patriotic Georgia and with Gorbachev's perestroika, things did get worse. In 1990, a former Soviet dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia, became president of the Georgian SSR, the first to be elected to that position throughout the USSR without having been appointed by the Politburo. The latter declared its independence and soon veered to an ultra-nationalist extremist and fascist who gave minorities a feeling of helplessness. For this reason, the ethnic Abkhaz and Ossetian secession and went into Muslims and Armenians began to feel unsafe, followed by the Greeks. Today, President Saakashvili tried in vain to organize a policy of "national reconciliation", but only Adjars Muslims returned to the fold of Tbilisi, while the Greeks and Armenians began small to small to return to their homeland.
Division Caucasian ethnic
Here is the table of the main ethnic minorities in Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia not included: Division
ethnic minority ethnic Georgian population in Georgia Georgians Total Percentage Remarks
4 630,850 83.8% Includes Mingrelia, the Svan, Laz and the Azeris Adjars
284,761 6.5% Mainly south-east
Armenians
250,000 5.7% Majority in Javakheti (Georgia Southern)
Russians
67,671 1.5%
Ossetians
38,028 0.8% 15,166
Greeks
0 3%
Chechens
8000 0.17% Most of them live in the north of the Kakheti region since the nineteenth century Tatars
4000
Abkhazians
0.085% 0.075% 3527
Assyrians
3000 0.06 %
Turks
1200 0.025% 0.085% 4000 Other includes Chinese, Kabardins, Kurds and Ukrainians
Religion
Old beliefs and mythology
Despite fact that Georgia is one of the first nations to adopt Christianity as its official religion, pagan beliefs occupied the spiritual life of these Caucasians for most of antiquity. According to the source what controversial history of Kartli (written in the twelfth century by the Bishop of Leon Rouissi), they date from the period of civil wars that prevailed in eastern Georgia for the estate Mtskhetos a mythical ancestors of the Georgians. According to the chronicle, the fighters had now forgotten their devotion to one God and began to "invoke the sun and stars." En réalité, il est probable que les Géorgiens avaient toujours été païens et que leur ancienne religion n'était pas issu d'une décision nationale mais plutôt des relations entre les Géorgiens et les puissants peuples voisins. En effet, la similitude entre les Panthéons géorgiens, persans et hittites est frappante. Les noms de certains dieux sont même similaires chez les Géorgiens et les Hittites.
Toutefois, la première unité religieuse de la Géorgie (du moins de l'Ibérie) date du IIIe siècle av. J.-C., quand le roi (semi-légendaire) Pharnabaze Ier, dans la vague de réformes qu'il fit durant son très long règne de 60 ans, imposa un unique Panthéon à son peuple. Celui-ci consistait d'une trinité, dirigée par Armazi, dieu de la Lune et dieu des Dieux, variante probable de l'Arma hittite. Il était suivi de ses deux fidèles, Gatsi et Gaïm, réputés pour correspondre aux Attis et Cybèle des croyances anatoliennes. Puis venaient les divinités inférieures : Dali, déesse de la Chasse et de la Fertilité, Otchopintre, dieu des Forêts et du Vin... Et finalement les héros, tel qu'Amirani, l'équivalent géorgien du Prométhée grec. Toutefois, de grands bouleversements se produisirent au IVe siècle de notre ère. A l'époque, le roi Mirvan III d'Ibérie se convertit au Christianisme and abandoned forever the pagan gods. But the people were harder to convert. For this reason, we felt the need, as in other populated country called "barbaric" and allowing a hint of polytheistic tradition in the Orthodox religion. Thus, Armaz disappeared but gave way to St. George of Lydda, patron saint of Georgia since the Middle Ages, the celebration of which is accompanied by animal sacrifices in some mountainous regions of the country. Religions
current
Christianity Christianity is the main religion of Georgia for centuries. Indeed, the Georgian nation is considered the third to have adopted this religion as that of the State, the first two being Armenia and Ethiopia during the first half of the fourth century AD. However, despite the antiquity of religion in Georgia, the Christians were always persecuted by the different dominating the Caucasus. Thus, the Sassanid already imposed their rules of Zoroastrianism in Iberia during the early centuries of Georgian Orthodoxy, persecuting those who refused to submit to them. Later, the Arabs made many martyrs among the people and the nobility of the country during the Middle Age and the Turks and Persians repeated acts of the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. More recently, the communist atheist Bolsheviks ordered the massacre of hundreds of Christians and the closure of no fewer than 1,500 churches just in the 1920s.
However, today, 88.6% of the Georgian population is Christian. Then speaking of the branches of Christianity, 83.9% are loyal to the Patriarchate-Catholicosate of All Georgia, independent since 486 and headed by the Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II, Archbishop of Mtskheta and Tbilisi, since December 25, 1977. The Constitution of Georgia, adopted in August 1995 définit également le rôle spécial de l'Église orthodoxe dans la vie nationale, mais garantit l'indépendance de l'État vis-à-vis de l'Église. Par ailleurs, un accord fut signé en 2002 entre le président Edouard Chevardnadze et le Patriarche Ilia II, officialisant les relations entre les deux entités. Le reste des chrétiens géorgiens sont partagés entre les membres de l'Église apostolique arménienne (3,9%) et les catholiques romains (0,8%), principalement situés dans le sud du pays. Il existe également des communautés de taille de sectes protestantes, principalement les Témoins de Jéovah, pourtant interdits en Abkhazie, et des fidèles de l'Église Russian Orthodox.
In Georgia's separatist provinces, populations are also predominantly Christian. However, religious entities "dissident" occupy the seats of spiritual self-proclaimed republics. Thus, there is a Eparchy of Abkhazia, unrecognized by Constantinople, and a Eparchy of Alania, dependent on the Orthodox Church of Greece - Holy Synod in Resistance in South Ossetia. For Georgian emigres in Western Europe, there is a "Eparchy of St. Nino" diosèce the Patriarchate of Constantinople, based in Paris since the exile of Georgians suivi l'invasion soviétique du pays (1921).
Islam
Les musulmans représentent aujourd'hui 9,9% de la population géorgienne (463 052 personnes), composant ainsi la seconde classe religieuse après les chrétiens orthodoxes. Toutefois, la répartition de l'islam en Géorgie est tout à fait inégale, la majorité de ses fidèles se situant dans la République autonome d'Adjarie, où ils ne représentent toutefois que 30% de la population, contre 64% de chrétiens. Dans cette région, jadis gouvernée par un leader musulman (Aslan Abachidze), les « musulmans géorgiens » (comme ils sont surnommés) sont principalement sunnites, en raison the activity of Turkish missionaries. Indeed, Adjara embraced Islam since the mid-fifteenth century when it was integrated into the Ottoman imperial world, along with the rest of western Georgia. It is also interesting to note that the border between the autonomous republic and Turkey's Black Sea coast is actually a mosque.
The rest of Muslims in Georgia, mostly Shiites, are in eastern Georgia. Thus, one can find large communities in Kvemo Kartli, where the local Azeris are among the followers of Mohammed since the seventeenth century Safavid invasions. They are also bordered by Kist, a group ethnically close to the Chechens and Ingush (Caucasian Muslims) based in the Pankisi Gorge (Kakheti) in two stages: during the wars against the Russian Caucasus in the nineteenth century, and after Russian bombing First Chechen War (1990), which extend into the Georgian region thereafter. There are also Muslim minorities in Abkhazia and in the small community Meskhetian (1 000 people today), with nearly 100,000 members are in exile from Stalin's deportations.
Minbar a mosque Batumi
In a political context, Muslims are relatively more disadvantaged than the Christians in the sense of nationalist politics of the first Heads of State of independent Georgia. Despite the fact that such Muslims exist in Georgia since the seventh century (Arab invasion of the Caucasus), the first extremist government of Zviad Gamsakhurdia does not guarantee citizenship to non-members of the Georgian Orthodox Church (the principle of "Georgia for Georgians "). This led to a wave of emigration abroad (including Russia), lowering the Islamic population of Georgia in 1989 to 12% what remains today. More recently, under the presidency of Eduard Shevardnadze (1992-2003), a conversion policy was exerted by the Catholicosate-Patriarchy of Georgia, encouraged by the government ..
When Mikheil Saakashvili came to power in 2004 he broke with the secular culture of his predecessor and changed national symbols, mostly dating from 1918. So he went to adopt a new flag, nicknamed "the five cross flag", deriving its origins to the Crusades and the reign of King Vakhtang I Gorgassali (fifth century), now considered a saint by the Orthodox Georgians. This act demonstrated the remoteness Georgia vis-à-vis the religious PLURIAL, although guaranteed by the Constitution. In the short term this will lead to the exile of many Muslims, trying to preserve their beliefs.
Judaism The Jewish community is today, with approximately 13,000 members (3541 practitioners), the lowest of the three monotheistic religions present in the soil of Georgia. However, it is not the least because its ancient history dates back long before the arrival of Christianity in the country. The fact is that the Georgian Chronicles tells us that the Georgian people had already started to "worship the God of Israel" when he learned news of the Red Sea crossing by the Israelites led by Moses, around 1300 BC. AD Seriously, it is likely that the oldest Georgian Jewish community has become established in the Caucasus following the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (-586). At the time, the Jews created a state tributary and vassal of mamasakhlissat [lordship] of Mtskheta in the valley of the Aragvi (now South Ossetia), before returning to the united monarchy of Iberia in -299. The second wave of immigration in the Judean Central Caucasus also dates back to ancient times and would also be the result of a conflict military, this time between the Romans and Jews, which took place in 70 under the reign of Vespasian. Ironically, these early Hebrews Georgia contributed to the conversion to Orthodoxy of the Georgian nation, including the acquisition of the Holy Robe of Christ by Georgian Jews during the Crucifixion.
Despite this, the Middle Ages was a very hard for the Georgian Jews, who had even developed their own language, kivrouli, or Judeo-Georgian. This time of pain for the Jewish community began in the seventh century when the Arabs invaded eastern Georgia to establish a « émirat de Tiflis », censé durer jusqu'en 1122, date de la reprise de l'actuelle capitale géorgienne par les troupes du roi David II le Reconstructeur. Une courte période d'accalmie fut par la suite suivie par une domination difficile des Mongols, des Turcs et des Persans, époque durant laquelle les juifs durent s'exiler sur les rives de la Mer Noire. Le XIXe siècle et l'occupation russe ne furent guère meilleurs dans le cadre de la vie sociale des Hébreux en Géorgie. Les persécutions continuaient et la discrimination des autorités pétersbourguiennes amena à la création de véritables « ghettos » juifs dans les principales villes caucasiennes. Ces persécutions se transformèrent thereafter killings in parts of western Georgia in the 1910s, mainly organized by the Menshevik leader in the Democratic Republic of Georgia. This policy does not otherwise been abandoned by the Soviet authorities after the Red Army invaded the Transcaucasus. Thus tens of massacres were operated into the 1970s in the Georgian SSR.
Synagogue in the city of Oni
However, Jews continued to fight for the freedom of their beliefs and their culture, almost more than the Christians and Muslims. For example, in 1971, a group Georgian Israelites manifested before a government office in Moscow. These determinations led to the policy of anti-Semitic communist and relax from the early 1970s, large waves of emigration to Israel, the United States and Western Europe took place under the watchful eye of the lobby International Jewish. Thus, between 1979 and 1989, the Jewish population of Georgia decreased by 4 000 people and today, no fewer than 125,000 Jewish Georgians living abroad (100,000 alone Israel.) The last practitioners of the country are now grouped into communities in cities like Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Akhaltsikhe and Oni. Each of these towns have synagogues, all under the jurisdiction of the Chief Rabbinate of Georgia, headed by Rabbi Ariel Levin since 1991. This among other signed an agreement in 1994 with President Eduard Shevardnadze to the conservation of culture, history and the Judeo-Georgian language. The Rose Revolution changed nothing in these relations between the government and the Jewish community, while the situation of Jews in the breakaway provinces of Abkhazia and South Ossetia is deteriorating year after year (the last was the Jewish Quarter of Tskhinvali completely destroyed during the Battle of Tskhinvali War II South Ossetia in August 2008). Company
Public Holidays
Holidays and celebrations of the Republic of Georgia are defined by Article 20 of the Code of domestic labor. Here's a detailed list of them: Name Date
French Georgian Transliteration into Latin Name Notes
January 1 New Year's Day
ახალი წელი Akhali ts'eli
January 7 Orthodox Christmas
ქრისტეშობა Qhristeshoba
January 19
Day du Baptême du Christ
ნათლისღება Nathlisgheba
3 mars
Fête des Mères
დედის დღე Dedis dghe
8 mars
Journée internationale des droits de la femme
ქალთა საერთაშორისო დღე Kalta saertachoriso dghe
9 avril
Journée de l'Unité national ეროვნული ერთიანობის დღე Erovnouli ertianobis DGHE Commemoration of the tragedy in Tbilisi on 9 April 1989 when dozens of young students were killed by Soviet authorities during a peaceful demonstration. Changeable
Great Week, Orthodox Easter, Easter Monday
აღდგომა Aghdgoma During Easter Monday, a religious commemoration is held in honor of the Disappeared.
May 9 Victory Day over Fascism
ფაშიზმზე გამარჯვების დღე Phachizmze gamardjvebis dghe
12 mai
Fête de Saint André
წმინდა მოციქულის ანდრია პირველწოდებულის საქართველოში შემოსვლის დღე Ts'minda motsiqhoulis andreys pirvelts'odeboulis sakartvelochi chemosvla dghe Commémoration de l'arrivée de Saint André en Géorgie, marquant le début de la christianisation du Caucase.
26 mai
Fête de l'Indépendance დამოუკიდებლობის დღე Damouk'ideblobis dghe Le 26 mai 1918, la Géorgie déclara son indépendance vis-à-vis de la RDF de Transcaucasie, marquant la fin de la domination russe qui dura 117 ans depuis 1801.
28 août
Dormition
მარიამობა Mariamoba
14 octobre
Jour de la Cathédrale de Svetistskhoveli (Mtskheta) სვეტიცხოვლობა Svetistskhovloba Commemorating the construction of the first church in Georgia. According to the chronicles, it was built in the 330 over the Holy Robe of Christ.
November 23 Feast of St. George
გიორგობა Guiorgoba Saint George of Lydda is the patron saint of Georgia. His feast day is considered a national holiday.
Education in Georgia
problems yesterday and today
É
Independent since April 1991 and member of the Council of Europe since August 27, 1999, Georgia is a presidential republic. However, in fall 2007, the Orthodox patriarch proposes to restore the constitutional monarchy, an idea that has met with some success in the ranks of the opposition annoyed by the strengthened powers of the President Saakashvili [9]. The latter said he is a member of the great dynasty Caucasian, and organized the Bagrationi taking office at the tomb of King David Reconstructor [10]. The events in South Ossetia and Abkhazia have been relegated to second this idea.
Executive power is vested in the President who is elected for five years. His constitutional successor is the Speaker of Parliament. Currently, the President Mikheil Saakashvili and was its first minister Nikoloz Guilaouri.
The legislature consists of the Parliament of Georgia (Sak'art'velos Parlamenti), also known as the Umaghiesi Sabcho (Supreme Council), which has 235 members, elected for a period of four years, with 150 seats proportional representation, 75 sectors by one seat and 10 members who represent those displaced by the separatist region of Abkhazia. The Chairman of Parliament David Bakradze.
The judiciary in Georgia is headed by a Supreme Court with judges elected by Parliament to examine the recommendations du président et de la Cour constitutionnelle.
Économie
Article détaillé : Économie de la Géorgie.
La Géorgie a des ressources en cuivre, en manganèse et, plus limitées, en charbon. La production d'hydroélectricité est importante.
Culture [modifier]
Article détaillé : Culture de la Géorgie.
La langue officielle de la Géorgie est le géorgien.
Musique
Article détaillé : Musique géorgienne.
La musique géorgienne se caractérise par des polyphonies anciennes aux échelles particulières. Un riche instrumentarium ponctue par ailleurs les autres formes folkloriques.
Writers
Abacheli * Alexander (1884 - 1954) Vaja Pshavela
* * * Shota Rustaveli
galaktion Tabidze
* * Ilia Chavchavadze
Akaki Tsereteli
* Iakob Tsurtaveli
Filmmakers
Tengiz Abuladze
* * * Gela Babluani
Rezo Gabriadze
Otar Iosseliani
* * * Merab Kokochashvili
Mikhail Kalatozov
Public Holidays French Date Name Local Name Remarks January 1
Year's Day
May 26 Independence Day (1918) National Day
23 November St. George
Miscellaneous
* Population: 4,630,841 inhabitants (2008 estimate). 0-14 years: 16.3% 15-64 years: 67.1% + 65 years: 16.6% *
Coastline: 310 km
* Elevation Extremes: 0 m> m + 5201 *
Life expectancy for men: 73.21 years (2008 estimate)
* Life expectancy for women: 80.26 years (2008 estimate)
* Growth rate of population: -0.325% (2008 estimate)
* Birth rate: 10 62 ‰ (estimated 2008) *
Death rate: September 1951 ‰ (estimated 2008) * Rate
Infant mortality: 16 78 ‰ (estimated 2008) *
fertility rate: 1.43 children born / woman (2008 estimate) *
migration rate: -4 36 ‰ (2008 estimate)
* Telephone lines: 544,000 (2007)
* Mobile Phones: 2.4 million (in 2007)
* Radio Stations: 3.5 million (2006) [ref. necessary] *
Televisions: 3.6 million (2006) [ref. necessary] *
Internet users: 332,000 (2006)
* Number of ISPs: 14 (2006) [ref. necessary]
* Roads: 20,274 km (of which 7 973 km tarred) (2004) Railways
* 1 *
612 km Waterways: 324 km [Ref. necessary]
* Number of airports: 23 (including 19 with paved runways) (2007)
Source: The CIA World Factbook [11]
References 1. ↑ According to Rene Grousset, History of Armenia from its origins to 1071, Payot, Paris 1947 (reprint 1973, 1984, 1995, 2008), 644 p., 398 he received the crown from "King of the Georgians" "King of Kings" Smbat I of Armenia, representing the senior branch Bagratid
2. ↑ http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/08/29/01003-20080829ARTFIG00484-la-georgie-rompt-ses-relations-diplomatiques-avec-moscou-.php [archive]
3. ↑ (ru) Identification of Abkhazia from 1886 to 2003 [archive] NB: Here, Mingrelians were stored in a different group of Georgians ethnically although they have a subgroup of the ethnic Georgian
4. ↑ a, b, c and d (in) The World Factbook, CIA (2006) [archive]
5. ↑ (en) United Nations (2004) [archive]
6. ↑ (en) United Nations (2001/2002) [archive]
7. ↑ (en) United Nations (2000) [archive]
8. ↑ Jean Chardin, Voyage de Paris à Ispahan, I. De Paris à Tiflis, p. 291
9. ↑ « Géorgie: la monarchie constitutionnelle soutenue par une partie de l'opposition », Ria Novosti, Caucaz europenews, 8 octobre 2007, [lire en ligne [archive] (page consultée le 2 octobre 2008)].
10. ↑ « Un royaume de Géorgie d’actualité ? », Nicolas Landru, Caucaz europenews, 17 octobre 2007, [lire en ligne [archive] (page consultée le 2 octobre 2008)].
11. ↑ The CIA World Factbook
Voir aussi
Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :
* La Géorgie, sur Wikimedia Commons (ressources multimédia)
* La Géorgie, sur Wikinews (actualités libres)
* Armée géorgienne
Bibliographie
* Viatcheslav Avioutskii, Géopolitique du Caucase, Armand Colin, Paris, 2005
* Thomas Balivet, Géopolitique de la Géorgie, souveraineté et contrôle des territoires, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2005
* Bruno Adrie, Retour sur la Géorgie, Centre de Recherche sur la Mondialisation, Montréal, [lire en ligne (page consultée le 23 décembre 2008)]
* « Stratégies américaines aux marches de la Russie » dans Revue Hérodote, n°129, 2e trimestre 2008, Éditions de la Découverte
* "Un débat sur l'UE et son transatlantique neighborhood" dans Revue Politique étrangère, janvier 2008, Armand Colin
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