Georgia
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საქართველო
Georgia Flag of Georgia
Flag Coat of arms of Georgia Georgia Georgia
arms Motto: (Georgian) ძალა ერთობაშია irritant ertobaszia
(Strength is in unity)
Anthem: Tawisupleba
The Georgia Constitution Georgia Constitution
official language
gruziński
Język używany gruziński
Stolica
Tbilisi
Ustrój polityczny
republika prezydencka
Typ państwa ograniczona demokracja
Głowa państwa
prezydent
Micheil Saakaszwili
Przewodniczący parlamentu
Dawit Bakradze
Szef rządu premier
Nika Gilauri
Powierzchnia
• całkowita
• wody śródlądowe 118. na świecie
69 700 km²
~0%
Liczba ludności (2008)
• całkowita
• gęstość zaludnienia
112. na świecie
4 630 841 ▲
67 osób/km²
PKB (2008)
• •
total of 10.227 billion U.S. dollars per person
▲ ▲ U.S. $ 2 339
GDP (PPP) (2007)
•
total per person • $ 6.9 billion [1] ▲ ▲
1493 USD Currency
1 lari = 100 tetri (GEL)
independence from the Soviet Union
April 9, 1991
dominant Orthodox religion
Time Zone UTC-4 ISO 3166 code
GE
Internet domain.
EV car code
GE
Calling Code 995
autonomous territories
Ajaria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia
Map
Georgia Georgia (Georgian საქართველო, Sakartwelo) – państwo na Kaukazie Południowym (Zakaukaziu). Obszar 69,7 tys. km². Graniczy na północy z Rosją, na wschodzie z Azerbejdżanem, a na południu z Armenią i Turcją; zachodnią granicę kraju wyznacza wybrzeże Morza Czarnego. Stolicą Gruzji jest Tbilisi. Patronem Gruzji jest św. Jerzy.
Spis treści
[ukryj]
* 1 Geografia
* 2 Historia
o 2.1 Po upadku carskiej Rosji
o 2.2 Po rozpadzie ZSRR
o 2.3 Historia najnowsza
* 3 Gospodarka
* 4 Ludność
* 5 Provinces
* 6 * 7
Arts Press
* 8 \u200b\u200bFootnotes * 9
See also * 10 External links
/ Geography
area for the most part mountainous. Northern state border runs along the main bands (Wododziałowego) Great Caucasus - the highest peak is Shkhara (eastern tip) - 5068 m above sea level. In turn, Georgia's most famous peak is Kazbek (5,047 m), lying near the Georgian Military Road. From the main bands go to the south (listed in order from west to east): Gagrińskie Mountain, Mountain Bzypijskie, Abkhazian Mountain, Mountain Kodorskie, Swaneckie Mountain, Mountain Leczchumskie Mountains Raczynski, Suramskie Mountain, Mountain Kartlijskie, Kacheckie Mountain, Mountains Gomborskie. Mountain State Lichskie divided into two parts: east and west. To the south are the band of Little Caucasus Mountain Adżarsko-Imeretyńskie (to 2850 m above sea level - Mepisckaro) Szawszeckie Mountain (on the border with Turkey), Mountain Samsarskie (Didi abulia 3300 m asl) and Mount Dżawacheckie. Between the Great Caucasus, Small Caucasus and the lower stretch of lowland Kolchidzką at the forefront. The western boundary is the eastern shore of the Black Sea coastline of the poor, the edges of the north and south of the rugged, low in the middle part.
Depending on the version adopted (the border Europe-Asia), the whole territory of Georgia is in Asia or in Europe and Asia, or from one version - the whole of Europe.
in Georgia has a subtropical climate, very damp in the western regions and the mainland east of the mountains Suramskich. Due to the climate of the country górzystość is a strong piętrowością. Most rainfall are recorded on the mountain slopes Mescheckich, near Batumi (up to 4000 mm per year) and are extremely dry south-eastern ends of Georgia (about 200 mm per year). A clear dividing line is the climate in Georgia Mountains Suramskie. Meridian course of this band divides the country into two almost equal parts: the climate of western and eastern sub-tropical maritime climate of subtropical dry.
the west grow figs, palms, laurels, olives and other Mediterranean plants, the impact on the farming of these plants is the Black Sea. In central Georgia, in smaller towns, you may come across some cultivation of exotic fruits such as kiwi and bananas. Citrus, grenades and called. hurmy (sweet orange fruit, growing on trees, like tomatoes) grow up on the streets of Tbilisi. The rest of the country along the Caucasus mountain typically grow plants, commonly known as alpine. Across Georgia is a very common growing. Georgian wines, such as "Saperawi", "Chwanczkara", "Kindzmarauli", "Cinandali" or "Mukuzani" are known throughout the world.
History Main article: History of Georgia.
history of land on which Georgia is back second millennium BC, when the Georgia coast was known to ancient Greeks under the name of Colchis, while the eastern mountainous areas - Iberia. In 66 BC the area was conquered by Pompey, and incorporated into the Roman Empire. Approximately 317 King Mirian III adopted Christianity as state religion. For another thousand years, Georgia has been able to maintain their independence despite invasions by the Arabs, Mongols, Persians and Turks, and reached a peak of power between the XI and XIII century, during the reign of King David the Builder (1089-1125) and Queen Tamar (1184-1213). Later it was conquered by Persia and the Ottoman Empire. In the middle of the eighteenth century Georgia has freed itself from the power of Muslims, but was forced to adopt in 1783 a protectorate of the Russian Empire. Russians gave military support to Georgia in the fight against the Persians in 1795, instead of in the years 1801-1810 were in the defense of its territory by including them into the Russian Empire. In the nineteenth century in Georgia began to slowly develop the revolutionary movement, the explosion came at a critical for Russia in 1905.
After the collapse of Tsarist Russia
Map of Georgia
Independent Georgia in 1918-1921
Georgia
Shkhara
Kazbek
Ushba
South Caucasus (Transcaucasia)
Main article: Georgian-Ossetian War of 1918-1920.
After the October Revolution in 1917, Georgians, like other nations oppressed by Russia, declared independence, forming 26 May 1918 Democratic Republic of Georgia, which was conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921. After the defeat of the Georgian government to evacuate to Istanbul. There, in the name of Jozef Pilsudski Polish embassy military attache, Colonel Balicki offered the job as contract soldiers, Georgian officers. This offer about 100 officers have benefited Georgian nationality who served in the Polish Army as a contract Georgian officers. The Russians created the Georgia - Republic of Georgian SSR, 12 March 1922 which became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Republic and remained in the December 5, 1939. In the years 1921-1924 Georgian guerrillas resisted violently suppressed by the Army Czerwoną.W 1931 years by decree of Joseph Stalin has been denied the status of Abkhazia republic of the USSR and incorporated into the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic as an autonomous republic. After Khrushchev's thaw in the Georgian SSR, has developed a black market, making Georgia one of the most powerful economy in the USSR, but also causing great corruption. After the collapse of the Soviet Union
Main article: War in South Ossetia, 1991-1992.
In the '80s, as a result of perestroika gorbaczowskiej re-emerged Georgian aspirations for independence. 31 March 1991 98.91% of Georgians voted in a referendum for independence, which was proclaimed on 9 April. May 26 was elected president of Georgia Zviad Gamsachurdia who was later overthrown by a coup on December 22, prepared and carried out by the paramilitary organization Mchedrioni (Horsemen). Supporters Gamsachurdia Mchedrioni accused of having ties to rosyjskmi special services. In March 1992 the next president of Georgia, former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. Georgia swept the civil war that troops with the support of neighboring countries - Azerbaijan, Armenia and Russia - ended in victory for Shevardnadze. The latter signed a controversial agreement, which pledged to join the Commonwealth of Independent States in return for military aid and political. 2 November 2003 parliamentary elections won by a coalition of reformers, led by Nino Burjanadze, Mikheil Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania, but the government is controlled by Shevardnadze has faked the results, which led to mass protests, called by the journalists' revolution of roses and forced him to resign on 23 November. January 4, 2004 for President Mikheil Saakashvili was elected to give 96% of the votes. The recent history
Main article: War in South Ossetia 2008.
Currently Georgia is still a poor country by European standards, but the government tries to root out corruption and carry out economic reforms supported by IMF and World Bank. The government managed to restore control nad zbuntowaną prowincją Adżarii jednak Abchazja i Południowa Osetia nadal znajdują się de facto pod kontrolą Rosji i separatystów, stanowiąc państwa nieuznawane, a 230 tysięcy uchodźców nie może powrócić do swoich domów.
W październiku 2007 r., były minister obrony, Irakli Okruaszwili, oskarżył prezydenta o korupcję i niekompetencje, planowanie zabójstwa Badri Patarkaciszwilego, bogatego biznesmena, a także ukrywanie prawdziwego powodu śmierci Zuraba Żwanii. Zarzuty te doprowadziły do jego aresztowania, lecz po wpłaceniu 6 milionów dolarów amerykańskich, został zwolniony i wyjechał do Niemiec where he received asylum polityczny.Po arrest withdrew the allegations against the president, but resumed them after their release and emigration. In early November 2007, the opposition launched a protest against the government of President Saakashvili, accusing him of authoritarian rule and the introduction of demanding his resignation and tendering for new elections. November 7, 2007, the president of a state of emergency across Georgia for a period of 15 days [1], and early the next day launched a presidential election for 5 January 2008. The television appearance justified its introduction that "there is a danger of unrest." Saakashvili accused też Rosję o podsycanie niepokojów, zapowiadając jednocześnie wyrzucenie kilku rosyjskich dyplomatów. 13 listopada 2007 Rosja poinformowała, iż formalnie zakończyła swoją obecność wojskową w Gruzji[2], zamykając ostatnią bazę wojskową w tym kraju (dotyczy to baz założonych w latach 90. XX w., po obaleniu prezydenta Zwiada Gamsachurdii). Nie zakończyło to jednak ponad 200-letniej[2] obecności wojskowej Rosji na terytorium Gruzji. W dalszym ciągu wojska rosyjskie kontrolują państwo nieuznawane w Abchazji i Osetii Południowej stacjonując tam na mocy podpisanych z Abchazją i Południową Osetią 17 września 2008 roku agreements on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. In 2008, Georgia and Ukraine initiated decisive steps to join NATO. Supporters of the pact extension of these countries are, inter alia, the United States and Poland. The opposite is the Russia (arguing that increased threats to their borders), remain skeptical of the state "Old Europe" such as France and Germany. At the NATO summit in Bucharest on 3 April 2008, Georgia received assurances that you will surely join the pact after meeting the required conditions.
On the night of August 8, 2008, after an armed attempt to restore Georgia "konstytucyjnego porządku", rozpoczęła się wojna w Osetii Południowej. Wojska rosyjskie wkroczyły na tereny autonomii Osetii i Gruzji.
Sekretarz Rady Bezpieczeństwa Gruzji Kacha Lomaja oświadczył, że Gruzja złożyła do Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości wniosek o rozstrzygnięcie sporu z Federacją Rosyjską, polegającym na stosowaniu czystek etnicznych przez siły zbrojne Rosji na terytorium Osetii Południowej i innych terenach okupowanych, a należących do Gruzji i żądaniu przez Gruzję ich natychmiastowego zaprzestania. Jednocześnie Prokurator Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego Luis Moreno-Ocampo oświadczył, that the Court has received notice of the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, and that does not preclude the initiation of proceedings. Georgia also intends to give notice to the ICC for genocide in Abkhazia in 1992. The Russian Federation is not a state-party to the Rome Statute, however, it is Georgia, the Court's jurisdiction are so crimes committed in the territory of Georgia [3] [4] [5].
sponsored by the EU according to a report of an independent international commission appointed to investigate the conflict, Georgia has "started an unjustified war." The report, published on September 30, 2009 states, among others., that "the artillery shelling Tskhinvali (South Ossetian capital.) by the Georgian military forces during the night of 7 and 8 August 2008 was the beginning of armed conflict on a large scale." Then he adds: "The question is whether this use of force was justified (...) under international law. Well, it was not." [6] [7]
Economy Main article: Economy of Georgia.
Despite considerable damage to Georgia's economy suffered during the civil war in the 90s' the twentieth century, the country with the help of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank since 2000 has made substantial achieving economic development disputes growth of gross national product (GDP) and fought against inflation. During this period, Georgia has undergone a major political transformation going from a planned economy to a Soviet-style free-market system based on private property.
GDP growth, stimulated the development of industry and services, continued in 2005-2007 at the level of 9-12%. In 2006, the World Bank described Georgia's best reformed country in the world [8].
population about 5 million inhabitants: 84% of Georgians, Armenians, 6%, 2%, Abkhazians, Ossetians 1%, 1% of Russians, apart from the Greeks, Ukrainians, Kurds. 82% declared belonging to the Georgian Orthodox Church, 4% of the Armenian Apostolic Church, 2% of the Russian Orthodox Church, about 9% of Muslims (mainly in Abkhazia and Adjara). Outside the country of 1.5 million Georgians live in Turkey, 1 million in Russia, 600 thousand. in Iran, one thousand. in Afghanistan, two thousand. in Azerbaijan. Subdivisions
Georgia is divided into: two autonomous republics Abkhazia and Ajaria, nine administrative regions and the city dedicated Tbilisi. The two autonomous republics
Georgia, Abkhazia and Ajaria or were created in the 20s Twentieth century under Soviet rule. Georgian regions, we can compare to the Polish provinces. Their heads are represented by the President of Georgia, commonly called the Governors, which appoints and dismisses the president. These regions are
Lower Kartli
* * * Imereti Guria
Kakheti
* * * Inner Kartli Mtskheta-
Mtianetia
* Megrelia and Upper Svaneti
* Raca-Leczchumi and Lower Svaneti
* Samtskhe
-Javakheti regions are divided into 61 provinces (Georgian რაიონი raioni).
fact autonomous republic of Abkhazia and former South Ossetian autonomous region are not under the control of the Georgian authorities and the state are not recognized. Arts
Main article: Art of Georgia.
Press
Among Georgia's highest circulation daily newspapers reach "Sakartwelos Republic" (360 thousand.), The authority of the Supreme Council issued in Tbilisi in Georgian.
among the highest circulation magazine is the fortnightly "Mamuli" published in Georgian in Tbilisi (65 thousand)..
official information Sakinform press agency is based in Tbilisi.
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