Moselfränkisch in den Dialekten der Donauschwaben
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Interview mit Dr. Hans Gehl, Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institute for the Danube-Swabian history and culture of Tübingen (March 5, 2002)
[The questions Ernst Meinhardt, editor submitted to the Deutsche Welle in Berlin]
Question: are six Danube Swabian settlements. They are located in present-day Romania, Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. The ancestors of the Danube Swabians came about 300 years ago from different parts of Germany. The majority, however, came from the south-west German speaking countries. Over time, have emerged in the Danube Swabian settlements mixed dialects that are sometimes Franconian Moselle, partly Rhine Franconian, Bavarian-Austria and some are marked. I use the expression dialects', that is plural, because there is a single Swabian dialect it any more than a single Bavarian, Saxon or Saarland dialect. The focus of our present-day interviews to the Moselle Franconian and influence are on the dialects of the Danube Swabians. In which areas of the Danube Swabian settlement Frankish element is particularly strong?
Gehl: Although Frankish settlers probably also in other Danube Swabian towns and cities, areas, come to Hungary, for example, the Hungarian Central Mountains, in the Swabian Turkey-tion or in the Backa, their tracks can now be determined linguistically practical, especially in Banat and in Neupalota in Oradea (Oradea), part of the Satu Mare area. In Neupalota for example, have forms such Jonge, wat han mer unit?, Then, boy, what we have today? " obtained. In Banat are depending on the primary dialect features:
- First, the Moselle Franconian dialect Neubeschenowa, so Romanian Dudestii Noi, is because in today's Romania.
- Second-Palatinate Mosel Franconian dialects mixed in, for example Neupetsch and Billed.
- Third westpfälzisch-Moselle Franconian dialect mixing, so as ever, said after the pri-mary characteristics. Spoken in Bogarosch, Hatzfeld, Kleinbeschnenowa, Kleinjetscha, Knees, Lenauheim, Perjamosch and Sackelhausen. So, all in the Banat, in the Romanian part of Banat.
- Fourth Rhine Franconian Moselle Franconian dialects mixed in Bruckenau, German Sankt Peter, Fair, Tschanad, Chen and Warjasch. That would be the most common.
Q: You now have several times the word "primary dialect features used '. What is it?
Gehl: It's the most important characteristics that distinguish a dialect from the other and are also used for the inclusion of a dialect, that is a linguistic variant.
question: What are the defining features of the Frankish?
Gehl: The Moselle Franconian is no longer quite the High German and Low German. It forms the transition from Middle to Low German. One of his primary characteristics, therefore unshifted, p 'and' t ', while, yes k' Ben is all shifted, except just in Low German. It's about as examples for Appel, apple ', Pherd for' horse 'or et kleenet for, the small'. Also primary features are dat and wat, or unshifted, t 'and were eliminated were in the Banat with top German help, because they would have been too obvious.
Furthermore, it is about final sound, b ', the f' is moved in examples such as Korf, basket ', gstorf' died ', GEFT, thus, are "within the meaning of is,', et called GEFT - it is called ', or increase GEFT called - he is called'.
we come to the pronoun as Hen and ne for 'he', or for whom, whoever. For example, Wen et gsaat has? - Who said it?
Furthermore, it is about Tonerhöhung of e> i, o> u, parallel to the reduction of i> e and u> o. A typical example of the 14th Wenker-sentence, which states: 'My dear child stay, there are noted below, the evil geese bite you dead' It sounds like this: Me leef Kind, bleif do onnen stien, die bies Gäns beißen deich tuut. [Der Sprachforscher Georg Wenker erhob um 1870 die 42 nach ihm benannten Kennsätze mit typischen grammatischen Formen aus etwa 2000 Ortschaften des Deutschen Reichs. Zusammen mit Ferdinand Wrede verwendete er das Material für den ‚Deutschen Sprachatlas‘.]
Frage: Damals vor 300 Jahren sind die Siedler ja – grob gesagt – aus dem Südwesten Deutschlands gekommen, also auch aus Gegenden, in denen Moselfränkisch gesprochen wird, z. B. aus Lothringen, aus Luxemburg, aus der Trierer Gegend, aus der Eifel. Wie ist es zu erklären, dass diese large number of settlers will not affect its expression in the dialect? So, in other words, the influence of the Frankish on the dialects of the Danube Swabians is lower than it would correspond to the number of settlers. How can this be explained?
Gehl: In the development of a language form it comes to mixing and language selection on the same first order within a city spokesman, later to compensate for the second stage in an entire region. Whereby the Rhine Franconian, Swabian and Bavarian, in our case, according to the Banat, Swabian 'by no means uniform. The Moselle Franconian of the many Banat Ansiedler war nicht einheitlich, so dass die auffälligen Merkmale wie unverschobenes ‚t‘ in dat, wat, wie gesagt, mit oberdeutscher Hilfe beseitigt wurden, und auch die anderen Merkmale nur noch zum Teil vorhanden sind. Zu beachten ist in diesem Fall der prägende Einfluss der bairisch-österreichischen, also oberdeutschen Stadtsprachen, die natürlich auf die Dorfdialekte gewirkt haben. Durchsetzen können sich nicht nur die am stärksten vertretenen, sondern die einheitlichsten und einfachsten, der Standardsprache näher stehenden Dialekte. Im Banat z. B. nicht das Schwäbische, das ja auch nach dem schwäbischen Sprachforscher Hugo Moser als schwierig erklärt wurde, sondern das Pfälzische und das Rheinfränkische. Or, in the Swabian Turkey in Hungary the Hessian. And in the vicinity of Budapest and in the Banat Mountains which include Bavarian with its variants, because they were very uniform in these areas. There are several factors that play here, of course, psychological factors.
Question: You have again used a technical term, 'language compensation'. What is it?
Gehl: Language is the standardization of compensation. That is, the speaker must be able to even permanent Ver. And in the course of their communication process now more difficult to stay away specifics, and put it through those characters all understand. This is similar to the the compensation to some point a more or less uniform dialect form, that language variety is produced.
question: Is there any information about the number of Lorraine, which are then migrated to southern Hungary 300 years ago? Part of the Lorraine speaks known Mosel Franconian. How does that percentage, so the percentage of Lorraine in terms of all settlers from back then?
Gehl: It is very tempting diesen Dingen nachzugehen. Aber es liegen keine genauen Zahlen vor. Trotzdem kann man annehmen, dass der Anteil moselfränkischer Sprecher in einigen Banater Ortschaften beträchtlich war. Zahlen über die Herkunft der Einwanderer er-scheinen in mehreren Ortsmonographien. So kamen ab 1748 nach Neubeschenowa 309 deutsche Ansiedler, deren Herkunft zum Großteil ermittelt ist. Und zwar kamen von ihnen 141 aus dem Rheinland, 107 aus Hauenstein/Schwarzwald, 17 aus Lothringen, 10 aus Lu-xemburg, je 3 aus der Rheinpfalz und aus Österreich, 1 Ansiedler aus Westfalen. Bei der Ausbildung der moselfränkischen Ortsmundart wurde das Alemannische und auch das Rheinfränkische zurückgedrängt, also eigentlich eine Ausnahmeerscheinung.
Oder: Von den 626 Bruckenauer Ansiedlern mit ermittelten Herkunftsgebieten kamen 212 aus dem moselfränkischen Teil Lothringens, 18 aus Luxemburg und 18 aus Westfalen. Dazu 57 aus dem Rheinland, 27 aus der Rheinpfalz, 26 aus Bayern und 16 aus Baden-Württemberg, 13 aus Hessen. Das Moselfränkische erhielt sich bloß durch Relikte in der heute nordrheinfränkisch geprägten Ortsmundart.
Frage: Sie haben zwar gesagt, dass es schwierig ist, Zahlen anzugeben. Können Sie trotz-dem einen Versuch machen, dies prozentual einzuordnen, also Lothringer stellen soundsoviel Prozent der Ansiedler dar?
Gehl: Well, that's really a difficult question. Of the approximately 200,000 public and private Danube Swabian settlers in the 18th and 19 Century, according to estimates by Josef Volkmar Senz (History of the Danube Swabians, 1987) - exact numbers are missing so here - a third of Franconia, Palatinate, Hesse and Frankish origin, one third of Bavarian and a quarter Swabian, or even Alemannic and Alsatian origin. The remaining eight percent are French, Italians, Spaniards and other ethnic groups. Lorraine was about - I would say - about ten percent lower than the settlers. It is a very cautious Schätzung. Doch das relativiert sich, wie gesagt, im Vergleich zum Ausgleich der einzelnen Dialekte, wobei sich die Zahl verschoben hat.
Zwei Beispiele würde ich geben. Im Banater Mercydorf wurden zuerst, also im Jahre 1734, Italiener angesiedelt. Das ist eine weniger bekannte Sache. Zu diesen kamen Deutsch-Lothringer, nach dem Siebenjährigen Krieg (1756-1763) schließlich Militärsiedler aus Böhmen, Mähren und Österreich, danach westdeutsche Einwanderer vom Rhein, von der Mosel und der Saar, so dass 1774 die Moselfranken in der Mehrheit waren. In der dritten Siedlungsperiode kamen 1874 Pfälzer Kolonisten, worauf sich eine pfälzische Ausgleichs-mundart herausbildete for the reasons that I mentioned earlier, because this dialect was a bit easier, could achieve results.
Or a second example of the settlers in Hatzfeld, now Jimbolia in the Romanian Banat, 44 percent are from the Trier area, 25 percent from Luxembourg, 17 from Westphalia, which is the Sauerland, 7 percent from Lorraine, 4 percent from the Palatinate and 3 percent from the diocese of Mainz, it was but here is a Rhine Franconian dialect with a strong Frankish influence.
Question: What dialects have influenced the dialects of the Danube Swabians most?
Gehl: from the vernacular character of a settlement can not be the origin of the settlement-learning, more than close to a landscape. For these dialects develop even incom-and have developed in Germany. So, one can not say today, that corresponds to and the settlers came from there. " Verkehrsmundartlicher settlement with the prestige of individual groups of speakers and the dominant influence, as told by urban colloquial languages \u200b\u200bare the most important factors influencing the development of village dialects have determined. One must not forget, 250 years're not long for the development of a single dialect. In Transylvania, for example, this process has lasted 800 years. And there are still several variations of dialects exist.
In Banat has been remarkable despite an influx Rhine Palatinate Moselle Franconian dialect movement emerged. The Palatinate has gained acceptance because of its simple sound and form system, replacing the slightly more difficult and Moselle Franconian or Swabian part in the dialects. Dialects with complicated sound and form system will only survive there by where they are strongly represented and have no competition or be supported by other dialects. About the Oberschwäbische the Sath-Marer Swabia, which has survived to this day, the Hessian in southern Hungary, or, say, which include Bavarian mountains in Buda in Budapest and in the Banat Mountains.
Question: The Banat Swabians and the Satu Mare Swabians are largely emigrated from Romania. The Danube Swabians in Hungary after 1945 were driven at least in half. The Danube Swabians in Yugoslavia have fled or been killed in Konzentrationsla-liked by Josip Broz Tito. So, there are only a very small stand-unexpended balance of the Danube Swabians in the old settlement areas. What does the future hold for the Danube Swabian dialects?
Gehl: Die Zahl der sogenannten donauschwäbischen Mundartsprecher ist heute gering. Gerade nach der massiven Aussiedlung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa seit den 1980er Jahren bestehen interessanterweise noch immer gesetzliche und praktische Möglichkeiten zur Bewahrung der deutschen Muttersprache bzw. der Ortsdialekte und des Unterrichts in deutscher Sprache, vor allem in Rumänien. Natürlich werden die nicht so sehr genutzt, eben weil kein Bedarf mehr besteht und der Bedarf immer geringer wird. Doch das Deutsche wird nach der Zersiedlung und Auflösung der deutschen Sprachgemeinschaften in den früheren Siedlungsgebieten immer mehr zurückgehen, und dadurch werden die deutschen Institutions lose their function. However, the German as a foreign language or language as a tourist a real chance for survival in South East Europe. German is, as we know, in Hungary just learned as a first foreign language. Whether it can survive as the common language in addition to the force advancing English, which is the big question. The few remaining Danube Swabians could act as a catalyst in the preservation of the German language of communication. This is the realization, while in Germany, the speaker of the second and third generation, of course, the standard language and dialects of the marketing of the area in which they entered, probably be adapted.
Question: You have actually already anticipated the question. The most do-nauschwaben and their descendants live today in Germany, Austria, the USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina. Danube Swabian has a chance to survive there in this new home?
Gehl: Hardly. It's just a family language. It is still practiced in various institutions, perhaps in cultural performances. But, let's say, for example, Entre Rios, the settlement of the Danube Swabians in Brazil, in the state of Parana, which is ja auch zu Portugiesisch übergehen, weil die Heirat zwischen den einzelnen Familienmitgliedern mit auswärtigen Partnern dazu führt, dass das Portugiesische vordringt, in Ungarn das Ungari-sche, in Rumänien wohl das Rumänische. Also, in dem Sinne werden sich diese Dialekte nicht mehr erhalten, denn es besteht keine Notwendigkeit mehr, dass sie sich als solche erhalten werden.
Frage: Und im ehemaligen Jugoslawien, sagen wir das noch dazu, also in Serbien und Kroa-tien, ist wahrscheinlich der donauschwäbische Dialekt, ich nenne das jetzt in Anführungsstrichen so, im Laufe der letzten fünfzig Jahre durch Ungarisch, durch Serbisch, durch Kroatisch verdrängt.
Gehl: Well, I could talk to, you have already seen that the grandchildren such as a song like, Matt Klein to learn 'in school, but in standard language. The dialect as such is no longer maintained. Some people understand it yet. It can also be helped a bit. But he has no future in the sense. Just think that, in Serbia, perhaps 8000 survivors are available from the Danube Swabians in Croatia 4000-5000 maybe. This is a number that is not meaningful and can not be sure that this dialect variant continues to receive.
question: When will disappear from their estimate for the last Danube Swabian dialect speakers?
Gehl: spokesman - that can predict that again. In more than ten to twenty years, I guess, that they no longer speak the dialect variant. But just the memories-tion that one has heard of an ethnic group or heard that has something special that works for good. There are certain cultural influences that are in the successor generations mean that they are interested in their history. And it's interesting that they also make relations with the countries from which their ancestors came. This is interesting for relations between countries. And in the future that will probably continue. But the language itself is no longer in demand and will probably die out.
Question: Dr. Gehl, you are scientist at the Institute for donauschwäbi-tion history and culture in Tübingen. When, by whom and for what purpose were de-founded this institute?
Gehl: The Institute for the Danube Swabian history and culture was the state of Baden-Württemberg on 1 July 1987 as a subordinate Forschungseinrichtung in Tübingen gegründet mit dem Ziel, die Geschichte, Landeskunde und Dialekte der deutschen Siedlungsgebiete in Südosteuropa sowie die Integration der Heimatvertriebenen wissen-schaftliche zu erforschen und zu dokumentieren.
Frage: Wer finanziert das Institut?
Gehl: Das Institut wird vom Innenministerium des Landes finanziert und gehört, wie das Jo-hannes-Künzig-Institut für ostdeutsche Volkskunde in Freiburg, zur Kulturabteilung des In-nenministeriums Baden-Württemberg.
Frage: Was hat Sie veranlasst, to deal precisely with the chapter dialect research?
Gehl: That may to outsiders might sound a bit unusual. My field of research at the Institute for the Danube Swabian history and culture are the dialects and folklore, ie ethnography, which are closely linked. Language is part of the life of an ethnic group. And the knowledge of a language or language variety allows access to the life and work of its speakers. With my own dialect southFrankish home I worked during the period of study at the University of Timisoara (Timisoara). In my dissertation, I examined the technical vocabulary of agriculture in the Upper Franconian dialect of the Banat, ie in the northern part around Arad. And since the projects of the dialect dictionaries either in Timisoara were still realized in Budapest, where they have for decades worked so pretended to work, say you'd have today, I run at the Institute here in Tübingen as the most important project to develop a specialized vocabulary of the Danube Swabian by dialects. Of these, 1997 the first volume, namely, Dictionary of the Danube Swabian textile products released ', ie, processing of textiles and leather garments. In 2000 appeared Volume 2, Dictionary the construction industry 'and those industries, those sections that deal with wood, stone and metal. This year (2002), to fall, I suppose, I close the third, most complex book about the specialized vocabulary of the Danube Swabian agriculture with all its peculiarities. And 2004, the fourth and last volume, that is to be completed over the Danube Swabian life forms and inter-ethnic relations with neighboring ethnic groups. [He really appeared 2005.] This dictionary series provides an overview of the life and work of the Danube Swabians in their East-Central European settlements and will try that, Danube Swabian Dictionary ', which could not be created in the settlement areas, here is to present in summary.
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