Georgia
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საქართველო
Sakartvelo
Georgia Flag of Georgia
crest Georgia
flag
arms Motto: ძალა ერთობაშია-dsala ertobaschia ("Strength through Unity")
Official language Georgian regional Official language: Abkhazian [1]
capital Tbilisi (Georgian Tbilisi)
form of government Republic
head of state, Mikheil Saakashvili
Prime Minister Prime Minister Nikoloz (Nika) Gilauri
surface (118) 69,700 km ²
Population (113) 4,630,841 (as of July 2008 )
population density (101) 66 inhabitants per km ²
nominal GDP (2007) [2] 10 293 million U.S. $ (115)
GDP per capita 2355 U.S. $ (108)
HDI 0.754 (96th) Currency 1
Lari (GEL) = 100 Tetri
independence 9th April 1991
national anthem Tawisupleba
26th National Day May (Independence Day May 26, 1918)
Time Zone UTC + 4
license plate GE
Internet TLD. GE
Calling code +995
site Gerogien.png
Georgia topographic map-en.svg
Georgia (Georgian საქართველო - Sakartvelo, after the Russian name Грузия (Grusija) formerly known as the Grusien or Grusinia) is a country in Western Asia. It is located in Trans-Caucasus, east of the Black Sea and south of the Great Caucasus. In the north it is from Russia, bounded on the south by Turkey and Armenia, east by Azerbaijan. Which are not located on the border with Russia conflict zones of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Georgia Control of the Georgian government.
The country lies at a joint Eurasia.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Geography
o 1.1 Air
o 1.2 Flora and Fauna
o 1.3 Environment and Conservation
* 2 Population
o 2.1 Population
o 2.2 Nationalities
o 2.3 Languages \u200b\u200b
o 2.4 Religions
* 3 * 4
history o 4.1 Government policy
Parliament o 4.2 o 4.3
Subdivisions
o 4.4 Foreign policy
* 5 * 6
military economy
* 7 infrastructure
* 8 Kultur
o 8.1 Antike, Mittelalter
o 8.2 Literatur
o 8.3 Theater, Oper, Musik
o 8.4 Film
o 8.5 Bildung und Wissenschaft
o 8.6 Küche
o 8.7 Feiertage
* 9 Medien, Publizistik
o 9.1 Printmedien
o 9.2 Elektronische Medien
o 9.3 Presseagenturen
o 9.4 Ausländische Medien
o 9.5 Pressefreiheit
* 10 Einzelnachweise
* 11 Siehe auch
* 12 Literatur
* 13 Weblinks
//
Geografie
Georgien liegt in Vorderasien, wird aber von seinen Bewohnern als Balkon Europas known. Its area corresponds with about 69 700 square kilometers of the of Bavaria. Mountains and foothills cover 87 percent of the country. To the north is the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus. In the south are the western ridge of the Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian border of the volcanic highlands.
over the two high mountains stretches on the west by the Colchis lowland in the east, the Transcaucasian depression, situated in the Innerkarteli-divided, and the Unterkarteli Alsasani level. Western and eastern Georgia are separated by the Lichi mountain range that stretches from north to south.
The highest mountain is the Shkhara in the Great Caucasus 5068.9 meters. The longest river Georgia is the total 1364 km long Kura (Georgian Mtkvari), which runs through the country in its upper reaches from the south (Little Caucasus) to the east to 351 kilometers. Other rivers of Alazani (351 km), Rioni (333 km) and the Inguri (213 km). Largest lake is situated at 2073 meters Parawani with an area of 37.5 square kilometers. Voronya the cave is 2190 meters, the deepest known cave in the world.
Largest cities Tbilisi (Georgian Tbilisi 1,258,085 inhabitants), Kutaisi (178 350 inhabitants), Batumi (118 297 inhabitants), Rustavi (112 624 inhabitants), Sukhumi (81 546 inhabitants), Zugdidi (73 014 inhabitants), Gori (46 680 inhabitants) and Poti (46,112 inhabitants) (as of 1 January 2005). See
also: List of cities in Georgia
the north-west, Georgia's autonomous republic of Abkhazia, in the southwest of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, in the north of the territory of South Ossetia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence sought by public and are not currently under the control of the Georgian government.
Air
The Caucasus protects Georgia from cold air coming from the north, allowing the Black Sea to warm the land. The climatic zones range from a subtropical and humid climate in the west, to a dry, temperate continental climate in the east. The average Air temperature varies between 15 ° C in the west and 11 to 13 ° C in the eastern part. The average rainfall is 3,000 mm in the west, the east 400. Spring in Georgia is short with abrupt climate changes, the summer often scorching hot. Autumn is sunny and warm, the winter in snow.
flora and fauna
forest areas in the Caucasus region of Svaneti
Georgia due to different climates a high biodiversity. Completed valleys favored the development of endemic, only in this region is home to plants and animals. The WWF is one of the 238 most important ecoregions Georgia to the ground. The IUCN has designated as a global center of plant diversity and BirdLife International identified as a global endemic bird area.
44 percent of the country is covered with forest, five percent of which are virgin forest. 40 percent of forests have been preserved in their original structure. In the lower mountain areas to grow (beech oak), mainly deciduous forest at higher elevations conifers (spruce and fir). Above the tree line, subalpine and alpine meadows are spreading out. The mountains in the south, the lowlands and the Trans-Caucasian steppes sink used to be. Today they are mainly cultivated.
The country has approximately 4100 species of plants. Of these, about 1,000 endemic [3] and 1,000 in the Caucasus. According to a count of the WWF in Georgia only about 400 tree and shrub species at home. 61 of which are endemic, as are 60 species worldwide threatened and were included in the Red List. The endemic species include the Pontic beech, which grows in the Colchis Plain.
Georgia is home to around 1,000 different species of vertebrates. Among them are about 330 bird species, 160 fish species, 48 \u200b\u200breptile species and 11 amphibian species. In the woods of the rare Caucasian leopard, brown bears, wolves and lynxes. Wetlands are home to rare otters, endangered endemic Caucasian black grouse, and various endemic species of lizards. The country is rich in species of invertebrates. So far about 500 species of spiders found been [4].
Environment and Conservation
are in environmental protection, there are many unsolved problems. These include air pollution, especially in the industrial environment of Rustavi, the serious pollution of the Kura and the Black Sea at Poti and Batumi. The drinking water supply is inadequate. Many soils are contaminated by toxic chemicals. In the southern Caucasus
lacks a comprehensive land use planning, which separates the protected nature of agricultural and industrial areas. Forests are cut down a large area for illegal exports to Turkey.
Georgia has eleven national protected areas. The largest is the National Park Borjomi-Charagauli in the Lesser Caucasus (76,000 hectares). He was with the help of Germany and the World Wide Fund for Nature built and opened in 2001. He is one of the largest contiguous protected areas in Asia. The National Park covers 83 007 hectares Tusheti, the National Park Waschlowani 25 112 hectares and the 27 903 hectare reserve Tusheti. Georgia is the oldest national park Lagodekhi National Park with 17 688 hectares.
population
residents
development of the Georgian population from 1992 to 2003
Georgia has about 4.5 million inhabitants (2006). Since the country gained independence in 1991, around one million people have left the country. Solo 2000-2005 was the Georgian Population each year by about one percent. Cause of the continuing wave of emigration is the economic decline of the country. Above all inhabitants with high education, jobs, first in other CIS countries - and later in Western Europe and the United States - could find, leaving Georgia. The largest Georgian community outside of the country exists in Moscow, according to Russian sources about 300,000 people.
Until the Second World War, Georgia was an agricultural country. The politician Karl Kautsky called Georgia in 1921 a social democratic peasant republic. With the industrialization of Stalin possessed more and more people moved to the cities. Today, 52 percent of the population in urban areas, 48 percent in villages and rural areas.
civil wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia resulted in some 250,000 people fled or were driven from their homes. Georgia in 2004 housed about 230,000 displaced persons from Abkhazia and 12,200 from South Ossetia. There were also some 3,000 refugees from Chechnya.
communities
Georgia has traditionally been a multi-ethnic country. It houses more than 26 ethnic groups: 83.8 percent of the population is Georgian, Azeri 6.5 percent, 5.7 percent of Armenians, Russians 1.5 percent, 0.9 percent of Ossetians, Abkhazians 2.66 percent and 0.1 percent of Syrians 1.51 percent are other ethnic groups such as the Pontic Greeks, Kurds, Jews and others (2002 census). After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the borders most of the Greeks to Greece and much of the Georgian Jews to Israel has emigrated.
In the phases of nationalism from 1918 to 1921, during World War II and the early 1990s, many ethnic groups in Georgia discriminated against. 1941, the Soviet dictator Stalin deported 40 000 Caucasian German and distribute 1944 Meskhetians from Georgia. The exclusion after 1990 is mainly aimed against the striving for independence of ethnic Abkhazians and Ossetians. Georgia inzwischen ein Rahmenabkommen zum Schutz der nationalen Minderheiten ratifiziert, das jedoch nicht optimal greift. Davon ausgenommen sind allerdings die Artikel 10 und 11, in denen das Recht nationaler Minderheiten auf die Verwendung der Muttersprache anerkannt wird.
In einzelnen Regionen Georgiens bilden nicht-georgische Volksgruppen die Mehrheit. In Kwemo-Kartlien leben etwa genau so viele Aserbaidschaner wie Georgier. In der Region Samzche-Dschawachetien, die an Armenien angrenzt, sind die Armenier sogar etwas in der Mehrheit. Dort kam es im Oktober 2005 zu Protesten. Die Demonstranten forderten wirtschaftliche Gleichberechtigung und politische Autonomie. Der Protestzug wurde von der Polizei gewaltsam mit Gummiknüppeln und Warnschüssen aufgelöst.
Since 1989, many Russians left the country. The proportion of Russian-origin population of the Georgian population declined in 13 years by 4.8 percent. This was caused mainly in the times of the USSR, at least subliminally present discrimination, which increased significantly in the late eighties. The social mobility of the Russian diaspora and their high level of education made it relatively easy to achieve with a Russian passport, the economically better-off Russia.
languages
→ Main articles: Languages of Georgia
official language is Georgian, spoken by about 4 million people. It belongs to the South Caucasus Language family and has its own alphabet, since 5 Century AD occupied, but probably much older.
are also spoken in Georgia 23 languages from six different language families. The most important are Azeri (300,000 speakers), Armenian (250,000 speakers), Abkhaz (about 100,000 speakers), Ossetic (about 100,000 speakers), and Russian.
religions
Metechi Church in Tbilisi
Georgia is a Christian-oriented country, has 327 Christianity became the state religion of Iberia declares. Since the early Middle Ages, Orthodoxy is a symbol of the nation. 84 percent of the population belong Acts of the autocephalous Georgian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Ilia II, the church is On Independence Day it is consistent with the Government on the podium and blesses the Parliament at the start of the legislative period. The Georgian parliament is refusing to negotiate with other denominations a state church contract. These are subject to private law and must even pay taxes on relief efforts.
same time living in Ajaria approximately 376 000 Georgians who are converted under Ottoman rule to the Muslim faith. 9.9 percent of Georgia's population is Muslim.
3.9 percent is distributed among the religious communities of Armenians (200,000 Armenian Apostolic Church), Catholics (total of 0.8 Percent of the population, of which 60,000 Armenian Catholic Church, 50 050 Roman Rite, 3,000 Chaldean Catholic Church), Protestants (Baptists, Lutherans and Pentecostals), the Yazidis, Jews and Jehovah's Witnesses.
In the 1990s, churches of religious minorities passed, including the Catholics, expropriated and the Georgian Orthodox Church of the Apostles. Again and again it comes to religiously motivated acts of violence against minorities, including against the Jehovah's Witnesses and against the Baptists. Georgia was until 2004 a list of the U.S. Commission on Religious Freedom in the World (USCIRF), which is called the countries in which guarantees freedom of religion, the least is. Georgia acted only after law enforcement authorities, the number of attacks were gone and Georgia has been removed from the list.
→ History Main article: History of Georgia
Declaration of Independence of Georgia, May 1918
from the territory of Georgia today originate from the early Paleolithic Hominidenfunde (Dmanisi). The Neolithic period begins on the 8th Millennium. Metal Processing begins with the Early Bronze Age Kura-Arax culture. It is believed that the first iron processing by the Chaliben, a tribe that was known for his deft blacksmith took place. In the 6th
Century BC were the states of Colchis (western Georgia) and Iberia (eastern Georgia).
Later, the Romans subdued the land. In 327, Christianity became the state religion. On the Romans came as conquerors, the Persians, the Byzantines and the Arabs. At the end of the 10th
Century united Georgia in the Golden Age. The long-standing dependence on the Byzantine empire was shaken. Under David the Builder and Queen Tamara, Georgia between 11 and 13 Century, the strongest power in the Transcaucasus. It was followed by a Mongol invasion under Timur Lenk. In the 16th Century Georgia was divided into the Kingdoms of Imereti, Kakheti and Kartli and five principalities, under the Ottoman and Iranian influence were.
1783 joined East Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) a protection treaty with Russia. 1801 Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by decree of the Tsar and his dethroned royal house. The western regions of the country remained independent state for a decade. Only in 1810 Russia seized the Georgian Kingdom of Imereti. Russia took another 54 years to gain complete control of West Georgia. The region of Guria was abolished in 1828, Mingrelia 1857th The region of Svaneti was annexed in 1857-1859, the Principality of Abkhazia 1864th
said after the October Revolution, Georgia 26 May 1918 regardless. On 16 February 1921 , the Democratic Republic of Georgia by the Red Army occupied and annexed to the Soviet Union, first in 1922-1936 as a part of the Transcaucasian SFSR, then, after its dissolution, as the Georgian SSR, by the end of the USSR was in 1991.
During the late 1980s, developed a strong Georgian independence movement. On 9 April 1991, Georgia again independent. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to secessionist wars. Because of the strong military presence of Russia, the Georgian government still has no control over large parts of their territory.
Georgia Rose Revolution in 2003 Georgia's first president
after the regaining of independence, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, was replaced by a coup. His successor was the former Georgian Communist Party leader and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. He led a democratic reform. The economy stagnated at low levels. There were also a widespread corruption and regular electoral fraud.
In November 2003, Shevardnadze was in the Rose Revolution of young reformers initiated ousted from power. In January 2004 Mikheil Saakashvili was elected president. Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania was. Corruption has been vigorously pursued. For key areas of reform were successful abroad as Minister Georgians brought into the country. The privatization of the state sector has been driven. The national debt decreased in 2004 for the first time. Saakashvili was able to expel the leaders Aslan Abashidze Ajarian Adjara and reunite with Georgia.
On 3 Prime Minister Zhvania died in February 2005. The Office took over Finance Minister Zurab Noghaideli. After mass protests against the government of 2 to 7 Lado Gurgenidze November 2007 became the new prime minister. President Saakashvili met on 25 November back to the way for presidential elections on 5 January 2008 free. The official result of the elections, said the present office holder Saakashvili with 53.47 percent of votes counted elected. [5]
In August 2008 the South Ossetian conflict escalated again and it came to open war (Caucasus conflict in 2008) with Russia. Shortly after Russia recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, a little later, Nicaragua.
policy
Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili
Georgia is a democratic republic with a strong presidential system and centralized management. It is also regarded by critics as a defective democracy. Although access to the policy was formally secured by free and secret elections, but would be political and civil rights and control of violence is often limited. President Saakashvili was by his ex-defense minister Irakli Okruashvili, who was arrested in autumn 2007 in Berlin, [6] accused of murder ordered. [7] The opposition parties boycotted in protest against what they consider fraudulent elections of May 2008 Parliament. International election observers but noted only minor irregularities.
government
head of state, Mikheil Saakashvili. He was on 4 January 2004 with 96 percent of the vote for president. Prime Minister was up to the autumn of 2007, Zurab Noghaideli. He was on 17 February 2005 at the recommendation of the President appointed by Parliament as prime minister after his predecessor, Zurab Zhvania died was, is facing a 14-strong reformist team. On 16 November 2007, Lado Gurgenidze, the President of the Parliament as his successor. Stated objectives of the government until 2009, the fight against corruption, promoting economic growth and, in addition to the pursuit of NATO and EU accession, relaxed relations with Russia.
Parliament in the parliamentary elections on 21 May 2008, the United National Movement (ENM) of President Saakashvili to defend their majority. The ENM was 59.3 percent of the vote, which came from nine parties existing Council of the united opposition to just 17.7 percent. [8] The elections were marred by manipulation allegations against the government directly after the announcement of election results, opposition parties threatened to boycott the new Parliament. According to international observers in place and assessment of international election but expired products ordered, despite some complaints fairly and remarkable. [9] [10] [11]
Subdivisions
The 9 regions of Georgia and the capital Tbilisi
→ Main Article : Subdivisions of Georgia
Georgia is divided into nine regions (Samegrelo - Zemo Svaneti, Guria, Racha-Lechkhumi - Kvemo Svaneti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Shida Kartli, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti), the capital region of Tbilisi and the two autonomous republics of Abkhazia and Adjara. The territory of South Ossetia belongs administratively to the region of Shida Kartli mostly.
foreign policy
→ Main articles: Foreign Policy Georgia
The foreign policy of Georgia is characterized by the desire to assert its independence from Russia irreversible. In contrast, strong groups are in Russian politics who see Georgia as a vassal state. They are based on the history of the past 200 years in which Georgia except for a brief interruption of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union was.
Immediately after the founding of Georgia In 1991, Russia separatist movements in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Adjara. The subsequently created, from Russia dependent countries are a pressure medium that allows any influence on the Georgian domestic politics are exercised. The pressure can be increased arbitrarily, since Russia has stationed its own military in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and by 2008 in Batumi and Akhalkalaki. 1993 Georgia Russia could push to join the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Relations with Russia deteriorated in the course of the year again in 2006. Early 2007, Russia and all the border crossings increased so that the embargo policy. Finally it came in August 2008 for military Conflict with Russia ("Georgia war"), resigned as a result, Georgia from the CIS.
George W. Bush (2nd from left) visited Georgia
the West cared little for Georgia until 1995. Increased oil production in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan moved the country in the southern Caucasus as a transit country for the shipment of black gold in the mid 1990s, again in the spotlight. NATO concluded a strategic partnership with Georgia from. Since 2004 Georgia is a NATO Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) is connected. 2006 Georgia moved to a new level of cooperation with NATO, the Intensive Dialogue (ID). Georgia is planning long term der Europäischen Union beizutreten. Es wurde Mitglied im Europarat und gehört zu den EU-Programmen Europäische Nachbarschaftspolitik (ENP) sowie TRACECA. Im Mai 2009 trat Georgien der Östlichen Partnerschaft bei.
Die USA haben sich 1999 im Silk Road Strategy Act darauf festgelegt, starke politische, wirtschaftliche und sicherheitspolitische Bindungen zwischen den Ländern des Südkaukasus … und dem Westen zu entwickeln. Seit 1994 erhält Georgien US-amerikanische Militärhilfe und ab 2002 sind US-Militärausbilder für verschiedene Programme in Georgien tätig. Seit 2004 ist es mit 2500 Soldaten im Irak vertreten.
Ein besonderes Verhältnis pflegt Georgien neben der Ukraine und Aserbaidschan to the group of the New Friends of Georgia: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania. Since 2006, Georgia from its ties to Iran and the Arab world. It ties it to its traditional role as mediator between East and West.
end of September 2006 worsened the Georgian-Russian relations dramatically when the Georgian authorities of four officers suspected of spying for the Russian Federation, arrested and handed over an OSCE mediators.
Georgia since 1992 and is a member of the UN following international organizations: GUAM, OSCE, IMF, World Bank, EBRD, WTO, € Europe and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.
military
The armed forces of Georgia include nearly 33,000 men in the armed services army, air force, navy and National Guard.
economy
→ Main article: Economy of Georgia
Already in the 3rd Century BC Georgia was the armory of the ancient world. In the Caucasus, gold, silver, copper and iron were reduced. Georgian artisans manufactured the swords, which fought the Greeks and Trojans. Has a long tradition of viticulture in Georgia.
port of Batumi
In the 20th Century focused on the tourism economy of Georgia in the Caucasus and the Black Sea, the cultivation of citrus fruits, grapes and tea and the reduction of Coal, manganese and copper. In the West, cattle were bred in the east of sheep. There was a small industrial sector, the metals, machinery, chemicals and textiles produced.
suffered after the collapse of the Soviet Union in Georgia compared to other countries of the Soviet Union an extremely severe economic collapse. In December 1990, Russia imposed an economic blockade on Georgia. Civil wars and struggles for independence in Abkhazia, Ajaria, South Ossetia and western Georgia exacerbated the crisis. The production in industry and agriculture declined. The production volume slipped to 1994 levels by one quarter of the 1989th Unemployment in the capital Tbilisi rose to 40 percent.
help from the West came in 1995, as World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Georgia loans of EUR 206 million U.S. dollars and Germany granted in the amount of 50 million Deutsche Mark. Between 1995 and 1997 production volumes rose to about 30 percent of the level of Soviet times, by 2001 it reached about 35 percent. 32 percent of the population lives below the poverty line, 13 to 15 percent of households living in extreme poverty (Statistics 2001). The salaries do not keep step with inflation, monthly old-age pensions are around 19 €, civil war refugees are given a maximum of 6 € monthly support.
After the Velvet Revolution 2003 positive developments in the Georgian economy are apparent. The State budget has increased from 350 million to 3.1 billion U.S. dollars and the foreign trade volume of more times over. The amount of direct investments in Georgia increased in 2005 to 447.8 million U.S. dollars in 2006 already more than $ 1 billion. The credit portfolio of the Georgian banks in 2007 amounted to more than 1.5 billion U.S. dollars. 2006 IMF praised the government in its report positive measures to combat poverty, economic growth and structural reforms.
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
Georgia's largest trading partner is Turkey, followed by Russia, Azerbaijan and Germany (in 2002). After the U.S., Germany is Georgia's second most important partner in development aid.
Georgia in early 2006 foreign debt amounted to 1.75 billion dollars. Much of the money came from the World Bank [600 million], the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Other creditors are the countries of the CIS, especially Russia and Turkmenistan.
In October 1995, the Lari (GEL) was introduced with the support of the IMF and the World Bank as Georgia's new currency. Until 1998, the devaluation of currency stable against the U.S. dollar (1:1). The lari is freely convertible.
Georgia are placing their hopes for economic recovery on the development of an international transport corridor through the Black Sea ports of Poti and Batumi, a major oil pipeline from Azerbaijan's Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan in Turkey, the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) and a parallel to extend gas pipeline, the South Caucasus Pipeline. These pipelines to Georgia for the European Union and the U.S. geo-strategic importance, since they make it to transport the oil and gas fields in the Caspian Sea to Russia by the West, and they reduce the dependency on Russian exports.
Georgia economic reforms during the observation period 2007/08 in the report "Doing Business 2008" the World Bank explicitly praised. The country improved from 112 to rank 18 and is thus between Switzerland (16th) and Germany (20). [12]. During the observation period 2008/2009, Georgia was able to report "Doing Business2010" Improving the World Bank again from rank 18 to rank 11 and now lies between Saudi Arabia (13) and Norway (10).
infrastructure
Georgian road network
As in most former Soviet Union has also expanded the road network in Georgia is relatively low. Four-lane routes are the exception and found primarily in the metropolitan region of Tbilisi. The rail network Georgia's railway company Sakartwelos Rkinigsa has a total length of over 1600 km and is fully electrified. According to the geographical circumstances runs the major route in the road as for rail traffic in west-east direction. Entertainment →
Main article: Georgian culture
ancient, medieval
Even in ancient times were established on the territory of Georgia today golden chalices and ornate swords. The country was rich in metallic minerals, it processed since 6 Century BC, and drove to trade. Greek and Roman travelers described Paved roads, tiled houses, big cities und Festungen.
Die georgische Kultur des Mittelalters war byzantinisch geprägt. Die frühen ein- und dreischiffigen Basiliken (Nekresi, Dsweli Schuamta) aus dem 4. Jahrhundert stehen auf den Fundamenten antiker Tempel, sind klein und haben einen fast quadratischen Grundriss. Im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert entstanden große Kreuzkuppelkirchen (Swetizochweli-, Alawerdi- und Bagrati-Kathedrale).
siehe auch: Kunst Georgiens
Literatur
Schota Rustaweli, Schriftsteller des Mittelalters
Die georgische Literatur gliedert sich in eine schriftlose Epoche, eine frühfeudale Literatur im 5. bis 11. Jahrhundert, eine Literatur des Hochfeudalismus im 11. bis 13. Jahrhundert, eine spätfeudale Literature in the 16th until the middle of the 19th Century, a literature of the modern era of the mid-19th Century until the first quarter of the 20th Century and contemporary literature.
your flower reached the Georgian literature in the 11th and 12 Century at the time of King David the Builder and Queen Tamara. Shota Rustaveli wrote The distance traveled in the tiger skin (Georgian Vepchistqaosani), an epic of chivalry and nobility, rise above religion and nation.
In the early 18th Century renewed Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Georgian literature from the spirit of storytelling. His pupil, King Vakhtang VI., Built 1709, the first printing of the country and was embarrassed La Fontaine's fables.
Prominente georgische Schriftsteller des 19. Jahrhunderts waren Ilia Tschawtschawadse (Du, meine liebste Heimat, worüber bist du so traurig – 1872, Der See von Basaleti – 1883, Die Mutter Georgiens – 1881, Der Einsiedler – 1883, Briefe eines Reisenden – 1863), Akaki Zereteli (Tornike Eristawi, Der kleine Kachetier, Natela, Suliko, Der Tutor) und Aleksandre Qasbegi (Elgudscha – 1881, Eliso – 1882, Die Vatermörderin – 1882, Der Morgen nach der Hochzeit 1882).
Wichtigste Autoren des 20. Jahrhunderts sind Galaktion Tabidse (Meri, Der Mond von Mtazminda, Ich und die Nacht, Pfirsichblüten, Falben, Heimat), Grigol Robakidse (Das Schlangenhemd – 1928, Die gemordete Seele – 1933), Konstantine Gamsachurdia (Das Lächeln des Dionysos – 1925, Goethes Lebensroman – 1934, Der Raub des Mondes – 1935, Die rechte Hand des großen Meisters – 1939, Rebenblüte – 1956, David der Erbauer – 1942–1961), Tschabua Amiredschibi (Data Tutaschchia – 1975), Otar Tschiladse (Ein Mann ging des Weges – 1973, Jeder, der mich findet… – 1976, Das eiserne Theater – 1981). Zwischen 1915 und 1921 erblühte die Avantgarde um die Gruppe Blaue Hörner, wurde jedoch nach der kommunistischen Machtübernahme unterdrückt.
Als bedeutende Gegenwartsautoren gelten Aka Mortschiladse (Die Reise nach Karabach – 1992, Hunde der Paliaschwili Straße – 1995) und Dawit Turaschwili (Merani – 1991, Jeans Generation – 2001).
Siehe auch: Liste georgischer Schriftsteller, Schota-Rustaweli-Staatspreis
Theater, Oper, Musik
Staatliches Opernhaus, Tiflis
Georgien zählt 58 professionelle Bühnen, 39 davon widmen sich dem Drama. Bereits im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wurde in Georgien Theater gespielt. Das Georgische Nationaltheater wurde 1791 in Tiflis gegründet, 1851 das Staatliche Theater für Oper und Ballett. Der Bassist Fjodor Schaljapin debütierte dort als Oberpriester in Giuseppe Verdis Aida. Der Tänzer Georgi Balanchivadze was the name of George Balanchine, one of the world's most important choreographers. Artistic Director of the Georgian National Ballet since 2004, the prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Theatre, Nino Ananiashvili.
The traditional Georgian music is polyphonic. The musical language is extremely diverse and regionally varied. The voice leading and harmony of the Georgian singing is unmatched. The development of Georgian polyphony is ahead of Europe by at least three hundred years. According to new research it is based next to your own staff on stand-alone with its own theoretical foundations Tonlagesystem. In the old traditional songs words in texts one assumes similarities with Old Sumerian languages \u200b\u200bthat are the linguistics of eminent interest. The Georgian music was recorded in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage.
Important Georgian composers of the 20th Zahari Paliashvili century, European classical and Georgian folk music are combined with each other, Otar Taktakishvili, who also leaned heavily on the folk music, Sulkhan Tsintsadze, and the avant-garde Sulchan Nassidse Gia Kancheli. Aleksi Machavariani also be mentioned, who sought a synthesis of elements of Georgian folk music and modern.
The young generation of Georgian composers do with electronic music's attention. This include Nikakoi (native Nika Mach AIDS), TBA (native Tusia Beridze) and Gogi.ge.org (native Gogi Dsodsuaschwili). Since 2004, the native of Georgia, British jazz and blues singer Katie Melua in Western Europe is successful.
See also: List of Georgian composers of classical music
film
The Georgian State Department of Theatre and Film in Tbilisi, Georgia
cinema is regarded internationally. On 16 November 1896 was the first cinema opened in Tbilisi. The first Georgian film was 1912th The film industry was concentrated in the Grusia film studios. International prices gained Tengiz Abuladze (Magdanas ass - Cannes 1956, Repentance - Cannes 1987), Otar Iosseliani (The wine harvest - Cannes 1966, brigands - Venice 1997), Nana Dschordschadse (1001 recipes of love chef - Karlovy Vary 1997, 27 Missing Kisses - Brussels 2001), Dito Tsintsadze (Schussangst - San Sebastián International Film Festival 2003).
With the decline of the Georgian economy, the film production has collapsed. Many Georgian directors are now working abroad. Since 2001, a National Centre for Cinematography, the film production has taken over. It reports to the Ministry of Culture. An independent panel of experts selected annually from two feature film projects to be financed to 75 percent from the center be.
See also: Georgian film history
Education and Science
Georgian Academy of Sciences
education is very important for Georgia. Per 1,000 population, there are statistically 27.97 students. That's more than in Germany or Switzerland. Georgia's government wants to decline in recent years, education spending: Increase (2001 2.3 percent of gross domestic product) drastically. President Saakashvili of Georgia called wealth not gold and oil, but our talent, our intellect, our skills, our education and our educated people.
The most important scientific institutions, the State University Tbilisi with about 30,000 students in 18 faculties, the Georgian Technical University, State Pedagogical University, State Medical University and the State University of Language and Culture in Tbilisi and Kutaisi Akaki-Tsereteli University. The Georgian Academy of Sciences has ten academic departments and 63 research institutes.
Georgia has nearly 5,000 libraries, 250 museums and a network of over 70 archives.
kitchen
Chinkali, stuffed dumplings
main items →: Georgian cuisine
Georgia kitchen was considered the haute cuisine of the Soviet Küche. Sie ist für ihre Qualität und regionale Vielfalt bekannt. Am Wochenende treffen die Familien mit Gästen an großen Tafeln, der sogenannten Supra zusammen. Je wichtiger der Anlass oder die Gäste sind, desto traditioneller sind die Gerichte. Dabei wird stets im Überfluss serviert, wodurch die Küche Großzügigkeit symbolisiert. Obgleich es in Tiflis Hamburger-, Kebab- und Pizzarestaurants gibt, hat ausländische Küche kaum Eingang in die georgische Esskultur gefunden.
Typische Vorspeisen sind gefüllte Auberginen mit Walnusspaste (Badridschani) und luftgetrocknetes Rindfleisch (Basturma). Hauptspeisen sind Schaschlik (georgisch Mzwadi), Hähncheneintopf mit Tomaten-Zwiebelsoße (Tschachochbili), and lamb stew with eggplant (Tschanachi). There are walnut sauce (Basche), Mirabellensoße (tkemali) and various red pepper paste (Adschika). Popular desserts are sweet sausages from walnuts in grape juice puree (Tschurtschkella) or nuts with yogurt (Matsoni) and honey. The small hunger dumplings with meat filling (Chinkali), baked cheese bread (Chatschapuri) or a red bean soup (lobio).
Traditional drinks are of Georgian wine, champagne, brandy and chacha, a grape marc. The dinner table is a Tamada (dt table master) passed, the toasts during the meal, elaborate toasts. Nach jedem Spruch wird das Glas vollständig geleert und nachgeschenkt. Wer nicht mehr trinken will, zeigt es, indem er das volle Glas stehen lässt. Gegen den Kater am Morgen wird Chaschi, eine starke Brühe aus Pansen mit viel Knoblauch getrunken.
Feiertage
Gesetzliche Feiertage sind der 1. Januar (Neujahr), der 7. Januar (orthodoxes Weihnachtsfest), der 19. Januar (orthodoxe Epiphanie), der 3. März (Muttertag), der 8. März (Internationaler Frauentag), der 9. April (Tag der Wiederherstellung der Unabhängigkeit Georgiens), der 9. Mai (Siegestag), der 12. Mai (St.-Andreas-Tag), der 26. Mai (Unabhängigkeitstag), der 28. August (Mariamoba, orthodoxer Mariä Himmelfahrtstag), the 14th October (Mzchetoba, Georgian Orthodox Festival) and 23 November (Giorgoba, St. George's day). The Orthodox Easter is movable, and also a legal holiday (2006: April 23, 2007: April 8).
See also: Public holidays in Georgia
media, journalism
print media in Georgia are moved 76 printed publications. The newspapers and magazines, are independent. Some do not have government involvement. The most popular dailies are Kwiris Palitra, Alia, Akhali Taoba, Asawal Dasawali, Resonansi and the sports newspaper Sarbieli. The editions are each 10,000 to 12,000 copies. There are also newspapers of the different ethnic groups: Swobodnaja Gruzija and Vetscherny Tbilisi (both in Russian), Gjurdgistan (in Azerbaijani) and Wrastan (in Armenian).
Tbilisi television tower
Electronic Media
There are 52 licensed by the National Communications Commission Georgia television stations. Sift include public-service channels, including programs of the Public Broadcasting of Georgia (SSM) and the Adzharian television as well as two to three Russian. They are financed by the state. The main private stations Imedi TV, Rustavi 2, Mse TV, Kawkasia and 202 TV. The Public Broadcasting, Rustavi 2 and Mse TV regierungsnah politically. Since 2008, the Georgian military has its own coverage radiating Sakartvelo TV. [13]
side has two programs of public broadcasting, the country has many private radio stations. They are mostly of regional nature. These include not only special interest channels, but channel the various ethnic groups. Exist only in Tbilisi and with stations Ewrika Zelenaja Volna two Russian-language radio stations.
offers Internet service Civil Georgia news in English, Georgian and Russian. However, the Internet plays in Georgia or not very important. Only five percent of the population own a computer. About eight percent of the population uses the Internet, and one percent have a broadband connection. [14] 27 percent said Meinungsbefragern in July 2004, they had never heard of the Internet. Press agencies are
addition to state agency Sakinformi it the private agencies Caucasus Press and Prime News. All the major international agencies employ staff in the country. Foreign media
Foreign television channels are usually offered on cable. These include almost all major Russian channels (ORT, NTV, TVI) and all major Western programs (CNN, BBC, German wave, ESPN, Euro sport). Radio France Internationale has transmission towers in Georgia. The state radio broadcasting the Georgian service of Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Voice of America from. The private radio stations and Ewrika Zeljonaja Volna transfer the programs of the Russian-language service of the BBC. The foreign press is mainly present at the kiosks by the Russian title. The main Russian newspapers and entertainment leaves are imported to Georgia. The Russian leaves Argumenty i Fakty Komsomolskaya Pravda and Georgia have in-house printing.
press freedom
The Georgian Constitution of 24 August 1995 guaranteed freedom of the press and prohibits censorship. It prohibits the same time, to monopolize the media or their distribution. On 17 June 2004 amended press law makes it difficult for plaintiffs, journalists for their reporting to prosecute. Previously, journalists convicted of defamation alleged excessive compensation amounts.
In the Shevardnadze era, there had been repeated government efforts to intimidate the media. The journalist Giorgi Sanaia, editor and anchorman of the Evening Courier broadcast on the private television station Rustavi-2, was murdered in July 2001 after he learned of a videotape, the officials stressed the Home Office to have smuggled drugs through Georgia. The chief editor of the newspaper critical of the government in February 2001 Meridiani was beaten by unknown, his family received threats by telephone. In May 2002 the editorial offices of Rustavi-2 in Tbilisi had been shot.
came the summer of 2004 again to intimidation of the press. The prosecutor of Tbilisi searched the offices of the Georgian Times newspaper after it published several articles on the origin of the assets of the former Chief Prosecutor of the capital, Valeri Grigalaschwili. Grigalaschwili was dismissed two months later from his post.
The editor of the newspaper people in Gori has been remanded in custody after his paper had reported on the involvement of local police chiefs in smuggling activities. The intimidation has led to increasing self-censorship of the Georgian media. At the International Media Freedom Index Georgia was in October 2005 Platz 99, in der von 2007 Rangliste hat es sich auf Platz 66 verbessert, Feel aber im Jahr 2008 zurück auf Rang 120.
